mechanical fault finding techniquesmechanical fault finding techniques

This usually means fixing the cause of the fault or implementing some kind of maintenance. Applying this approach. This course is for engineers and technicians who require a better understanding of the methodologies they can apply to fault-finding, regardless of system type. A circuit enable light on the control cabinet tells you that the start or circuit enable relay is not energized. Metropolitan Electrical Contractors is your local electrical expert in fault finding and has 7 steps to help you with electrical fault finding. What are the principles you must know to be able to correctly fault find an electrical installation? Mechanical fault diagnosis Figure 2.5 involving stresses of 86 000 lbf in -2 (60.7 kg mm -2, 595 MN m -2) and ovalling of a bolt hole, Figure 2.6 due to the shear force on a bolt and stresses of The objective of Fault Detection and Diagnostics in the context of equipment maintenance is to optimize maintenance costs while still improving the reliability, availability, maintainability and safety (RAMS) of the equipment. Take the management stress away from preventative maintenance. In this case, the less stringent maintenance strategy such as run-to-failure or preventive maintenance could be sufficient to manage the risk. If the cause of a fault is not removed, the fault will recur even though the fault has been rectified. By analyzing the return-of-signal time and the reflected signals velocity, the test equipment can detect the nature of faults in the cable as either an open-circuit fault or a short circuit fault. In this case, the most stringent predictive maintenance program should be adopted despite its high cost. Intermittent wiring faults occur because of dirty or poor connections, internally broken wiring and damaged wiring insulation. London, 04 Oct 2023, Members: 1,095 + VAT Collect the Evidence. 2 What is the equipment for test fault finding? More about in-house and tailored training, Design and development of processes, systems, services and products - For Chartered Engineers: Apply appropriate theoretical and practical methods to the analysis and solution of mechanical engineering problems Many maintenance personnel are too quick to begin making some type of repair to a machine, such as immediately replacing components, before they have the first clue about what's causing the problem. For knowledge-based fault detection to work, we first need to establish a baseline. Equipment reliability is king and no maintenance department worth its salt wants costly downtime, To help, we have prepared a six step approach to fault finding. We use cookies to make parts of our website work, and to improve your visitor experience. 6 What to do if there is no fault in a safety relay? Putting the lead in the middle of the series-connected switches half-splits the circuit. These electrical fault finding techniques can prevent your family from being harmed or your home being damaged by an electrical fault. Common Motor Failures and Faults. If the detection just points out a high-level failure in the conveyor belt, that is not really helpful for the tech performing the diagnosis there are multiple systems on the same conveyor that could potentially fail. Instead, it may be entire parts of a machine or process. 1 0 obj Read our Top 10 Tips on how Maintenance Technicians can help improve plant performance. Although you still have to find out what is wrong with this switch and fix it, at least you've identified the culprit. Here we outline two alternative approaches to achieving competence. Engineering projects come in all shapes and sizes and require a variety of skills to your projects on track and within budget, often whilst managing multiple projects at the same time. Design extra equipment into a new plant for problem analysis. &. Plumbers, mechanical fitters, refrigeration and air-conditioning mechanics are examples of trades able to apply for this type of licence. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Determine and remove the cause 3. Solving this mystery didn't take a genius; I was just lucky enough to have been taught the half-splitting method years before. Lubricants and lubrication systems . ", "I like the price, the fact I can see it on my phone or the computer. > J L I q` 0 bjbjqPqP 8( : : Z ^ @ @ @ @ ( ( ( ( $ L , 2 2 1( 1( 1( 42 62 62 62 62 62 62 $ 3 h O6 f Z2 1( % 1( 1( 1( Z2 @ @ o2 * * * 1( F @ 42 * 1( 42 * * 0 h 1 x $ ( w( p \1 2 2 0 2 l1 X 6 ( 6 1 6 1 T 1( 1( * 1( 1( 1( 1( 1( Z2 Z2 * 1( 1( 1( 2 1( 1( 1( 1( D ( ( @ @ @ @ @ @ Six-point Technique Six point technique Visual examination Examine gather and analyse visual evidence of the plant or process that isnt operating or functioning correctly. Nevertheless, the Fault Detection and Diagnostics algorithm for any equipment should contain at least the four key processes listed below (these can constitute a nonlinear process as well, provided that some steps happen at the same time): We need to discuss each element in more detail to really understand how fault detection and diagnostics work. Divide the equipment into logical systems. The 6-point fault finding technique is a method for finding and fixing mechanical operating malfunctions. In our most recent blog we look at why a drinks manufacturer decided to assess its technical operators to help them close the skills gaps to achieve better success. Pulling film down the forming tube is difficult. IMechE is a registered charity in England and Wales (206882), as well as Scotland (SCO51227). John Saysell, Training Director at MCP Consulting Group, explains how investing in training is helping the Lucozade plant meet the manufacturing challenges of the future. You will be required to diagnose faults on a range of mechanical equipment, both at assembly and component level. h! After that, the same parameters are retrieved continuously and correlated with the healthy signature to capture the deviation through a statistical analysis interface pattern recognition done through machine learning or an artificial neural network. Raw materials (eg effects of water on machinery). Gather Information Ask people when & how the fault occurred. <> Limble is quite intuitive and I love the ability to have assets nested within each other. the fault is removed) this will not be of much use if the cause of the puncture in the first place is not determined and appropriate action is taken. Sample situations. Asking six questions eliminated 51 of the 52 cards. An important aspect of fault isolation is that the fault has to be located at the lowest component that can be replaced. When you cannot locate a fault in plant or equipment of which you are familiar, you need to progressively trace the failure. The third blog looks at an example of safety in the workplace. Make yourself familiar with the schematics and understand the operation of the circuit before jumping to conclusions. 0.60; estimate the reliability of this test if 80 similar items were added to make it a 100-item test. Contact our advisors if you need help finding the most appropriate training for your team. By asking him six yes or no questions, you can figure out what card he picked. Our courses have been delivered across the UK and around the world. Fault Detection and Diagnostics for another piece of equipment might indicate the increasing failure rate, along with the high impact of failure on overall system performance. Being able to deal with faults and rectifying them is key to organisations that provide systems to other businesses. It is also relevant to designers, specification writers, sales people and buyers. Chances are, you won't be an expert in repairing these devices, but you can take some practical steps to solve problems and help get your systems operational again in a timely manner. CJ( OJ QJ ^J aJ( !j he UhmH nH sH u!j h! This piece of equipment has 10 safety switches that have to have their contacts in the closed position before the machine can operate. Turn off the circuit breaker (the light will go out when you choose the right one). Trace problems by going from plant to equipment item to sub-system. Test each system functions to specification. In general, hardware-based fault diagnosis methods are broadly classified into hardware redundancy, voting techniques, special hardware, limit checking and frequency analysis. 2023 Endeavor Business Media, LLC. IMechE is a registered charity in England and Wales (206882), as well as Scotland (SCO51227). The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Contact us if you have any questions about our training courses. I can give you several sentences.Use that ingredient as a substitution for the one you don't have.He is going in as a substitution for the . Since the rotor is a fast-moving component, one cannot install a sensor directly on it. A yes takes us down to four cards. Collect the Evidence All the evidence collected must be relevant to the problem at hand. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. When you visit or interact with our sites, services or tools, we or our authorised service providers may use cookies for storing information to help provide you with a better, faster and safer experience and for marketing purposes. 3) listen to the sound of the hydraulic system, such as: the impact of sound; pump noise and abnormal sound; to determine whether the normal hydraulic system work. If there is no fault, proceed to the next step. In this short series of blogs we provide some customer examples of how tailored Assessment Centres can provide a much needed structure when looking to make improvements within your maintenance department. This training course will systematically offer information that can be used to analyze and implement several fault-finding techniques and relate them to the installation, performance, operation . Turn all switches off again. The observation of safe working practices. One example of model-based fault detection is the use of time-domain reflectometry (TDR) to detect faults in underground cables. What is a sentence using the word substitution? Step 5 If a damaged wire is found, repair the wiring. Failure analysis and investigation can determine the root cause of failure should your product, component or asset fail or not perform as expected. 5OJ QJ ^J h! Multimeters are the most versatile of the electrical testers and, as the name implies, they are capable of many different testing functions. Determination and Removal of the Cause. MCP has carried out maintenance engineer development centres and recruitment assessment centres on nearly two thousand candidates over the last 20 years. Lets use a high voltage and high power three-phase AC induction motor as an example. make measurements or collect other evidence, 2. We use cookies to make parts of our website work, and to improve your visitor experience. It is important to ensure that the machine, equipment or system is functioning normally after the cause of the fault and the fault itself has been dealt with. When using the technique, you will have to narrow down a fault to its source. Must be done before returning to service or re-starting production Must be taken after step 4 If not removed, fault will recur Based on analysis of evidence Consider all evidence and its validity Consider history of machine including: Past break down (history) Modifications Planned maintenance Use test equipment (built-in or otherwise) Refer to manufacturers manual (look for fault-finding aids) Question operator (use good social skills) Consider Packaging materials (bottles, cartons etc);. The logic behind this approach is simple. Copyright 2023 Limble CMMS. However, if you have a fault indication you are almost there. In-depth understanding of the failure mode requires work: Regardless of the fault detection method applied, the size or magnitude of the fault plays an important role in defining what is the desired level of fault tolerance that needs to be built into the design of the equipment. What device can be used for checking electrical problems? There are two main approaches to fault detection: In model-based detection, we define a set of engineering rules that are written in line with physical laws that define the relationships of subsystems and components within the equipment. Best Answer. A range of options to help you maximise your training budget. Turn each circuit breaker back on. he CJ( OJ QJ ^J aJ( h! Fault detection is the process of discovering the presence of a fault in any equipment before it manifests itself in the form of a breakdown. 7 Steps to Electrical Fault Finding Turn all circuit breakers off. This is a one day theory based course that looks at a variety of fault finding techniques, methods and models to help delegates improve their fault finding and diagnostic techniques and corrective actions that can be applied to typical production systems and machinery. The programme explores the fundamental principles of commissioning. b,Bdc8DjXB5l,Y5l,&-Vdc1jql,5l,z5l,:5l,G6I#E-rIu-m ZUFqFu5DF. It is the most important stage of FDD as all of the downstream processes depend on its accuracy. Now, if the fault magnitude is really high, a different methodology is required: engineers have to use active or passive redundancies to enhance fault tolerance on their devices. In some cases, the algorithms are sophisticated enough to even initiate failure containment actions to auto-correct the failure itself and restore the equipment to its healthy condition. 2) to see the actual situation of the hydraulic system work, observe the system pressure, speed, oil, leakage, vibration and other problems. Basic tips. Check the System. The diagnosis of the failure can be broken down into failure isolation and identification. Our old Maintenance software was very difficult to use and was very expensive.". These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Half-splitting can be used to find many electrical problems aside from open switches. The machine will currently not operate, and you've narrowed the problem down to the door switches, which are all wired in series. All the evidence collected must be relevant to the problem in hand. MCP's technical training specialises in practical learning programmes for upskilling technicians and operators. You ask, With the ace being high, is your card a 7 or below. A negative response to this question, and we're down to seven cards after asking only three questions. We won't track your information when you visit our site. For safety reasons, all of these doors must be closed in order for the machine to operate. The findings provide you with the insight to solve the problem, take remedial action and prevent recurrence. This has evolved from customers feedback to include root cause analysis it does not make financial sense to keep returning to the same issue. What is causing the plague in Thebes and how can it be fixed? Observe the system and establish what it does or does not do. @,P&2e;+|4C9-v=wkZhdvm)euVDLUqt4>:%.bZKt0/BdNT$tVo"oBa2~1Tl |o{MG7n2]L|-g9WQ&= Two approaches can be distinguished: A direct pattern recognition of sensor readings that indicate a fault and an analysis of the discrepancy between the sensor readings . Instead of immediately diving in and haphazardly attempting anything to get the equipment running, first, step back and determine three things. If these faults occur, the system remains balanced but results in severe damage to the electrical power system equipment. I like that it is internet-based. Suppose we have a 20-item test with a reliability coefficient. Reject it afterwards at the first opportunity if it clearly is not relevant. To help technicians get to the cause of a fault faster, MCP has developed a course focusing on a logical approach to fault finding. More often than not, the underlying failure modes are mechanical in nature and associated with the rotary part of the motor: shorted rotor windings, bearing failures, and rotor breakdown. More about in-house and tailored training. Example 1. If they show no continuity, then one of those five you just checked is the problem switch. A Training Needs Analysis was carried out by MCP at a well-known brewery, in the North West. Also that I can track how much time I'm spending on certain jobs over an extended period of time. This is the first place where your knowledge of the system you are troubleshooting comes into play; if you cannot trace the path of a signal (a flow, or data, or even . Test the system, i.e. A simple rule can be established that indicates the hierarchy of processes such as: In case of a fault in the bottle capping mechanism, the algorithm will detect the incoming disruption in the packaging system. Automatic root causes diagnostics have tremendously contributed to reducing equipment downtime, improving mean time to repair, and enhancing the overall reliability of the plant. The first step of any electrical system troubleshooting exercise involves gathering as much information about the problem as possible. P3 describe, with the aid of suitable diagrams, the construction and operation of a given electro-pneumatic device and a given electro-hydraulic device The failure evaluation is often added within the scope of FDD as it helps to understand the severity of failure on system performance an important aspect of maintenance management. Fault finding techniques on pieces of electrical power equipment. Such emerging trends are analyzed by Fault Detection and Diagnostic algorithms and can be used to find possible root causes which are derived and displayed on a real-time basis in live dashboards. Example 1: You're working on a CNC machine tool with X, Y, and Z-axis drives. OJ QJ ^J h! Putting this approach into practice, I remember one instance when I was called to the scene of a machine that was down. Trace out the entire path of the signal. After analysis, the fault in the system is located with the aid of evidence analysis. Here are six key points to consider: 1. Design extra equipment into anew plant for problem analysis. Any persons working on or around live circuits must be trained to perform the work in a safe manner. 2. Analyse Information decide the probable cause. To diagnose and find faults in electrical installations and equipment is probably one of the most difficult tasks undertaken by an electrician. With the advent of fast computing technologies, big data processing, and advanced learning algorithms, traditional fault detection has evolved into automatic fault management systems that not only detect faults, but also identify the root cause and implement corrective actions to avoid future recurrence. Fault evaluation is a significant element of the overall process as it aims to understand the severity of the fault. Live circuit troubleshooting is very dangerous and should only be carried out by qualified individuals using approved personal protective equipment (PPE) for shock and arc flash protection. It is more important than ever that industrial employers understand their legal responsibility to make sure their technicians are competent to carry out their tasks. KS01-EG108A Electrical circuit and equipment faults and fault finding techniques Evidence shall show an understanding of electrical circuit and equipment faults and fault finding techniques to an extent indicated by the following aspects: . required to diagnose faults on an engineered system involving two or more of the following interactive technologies: mechanical, electrical, fluid power or process controller, at sub-assembly/component level. When a mechanical system fails, the most important thing is to find out the fault location and causes quickly and accurately. Here w share our Ten Top Tips for a successful training programme. This course is for engineers and technicians who require a better understanding of the methodologies they can apply to fault-finding, regardless of system type. The six point fault finding technique has six steps: 1. How to identify electrical faults The FDD functions by continuously monitoring and analyzing condition monitoring data and detecting any anomalies (if present). As the . Upon arrival, I asked what was wrong, and was told that the machine had been out of commission for the two previous eight-hour shifts. Most hydraulic issues can be divided into two categories: pressure or volume. Also an intuitive approach can be used but must be accompanied by a deductive technique. The learner will then be expected to dismantle, remove and replace or repair any faulty units or components, on a variety of mechanical assemblies and sub-assemblies. It is also relevant to designers, specification writers, sales people and buyers. Chapter 3: Fault Diagnosis and Rectification. A Fault Finding a Technique that Works - Accendo Reliability by Mike Sondalini Leave a Comment A Fault Finding a Technique that Works What you will learn from this article. Answer (1 of 2): First, when you are young, arm yourself with as much practical and theoretical knowledge as you can. Film jams at the forming tube. Brilliantly delivered and thought provoking - the concept/techniques can certainly be adapted to different industries. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. A good first step is to measure voltage across the coil. Rather than locating and testing each individual switch one at a time, which can be very time consuming, you'll want to test for a complete circuit in the middle of the switch run. Using the half-splitting method, I quickly discovered there was a ground fault in a small junction box. 2 0 obj Gather Information. Maintenance professionals couldnt have been more proactive even if they wanted to. You will be expected to use a variety of fault diagnosis methods and techniques, and to utilise a number of diagnostic aids and equipment. If you want to continue your development remotely with your trusted partner, MCP, we have solutions. Control Circuits (Internal Fuses) - Contactors (Breakdown of Parts) - 3PH motors (Loss of Phases &/Or burnt out coils) - Single Phase Motors - (Carbon Brushes) Initial Faults on newly Installed work Reversed Polarity - Discrimination - loose connections - Protective Devices -Faulty Portable equipment - (NB: Cannot be 'ware and tear') The treatment is non-mathematical (apart from Ohm's Law) and all jargon is strictly avoided. With the faulty subsystem isolated, you need to locate the faulty component (maybe more) and replace it. What characteristics allow plants to survive in the desert? The large quantity of data taken over time process history can be analyzed using a statistical algorithm. In our most recent blog, read about why Training Director, John Saysell, is leading a fundraising ride to raise money for the Social Enterprise, Spectrum of Misconception. What other benefits can a multi-skilled workforce bring. Let's review an old card trick to help demonstrate this method. The quantity of information collected is unimportant, what matters is that all information collected is relevant. All the evidence collected must be relevant to the problem in hand. For instance, upon breaking of rotor bars, the pulse produced in the stator current is twice the motor stator current frequency. Your email address will not be published. Safe manner if these faults occur, the less stringent maintenance strategy such as run-to-failure or preventive could. It may be entire parts of our website work, and to improve your visitor experience intuitive I! Three questions 1: you & # x27 ; re working on a of... Induction motor as an example of model-based fault detection is the use all! Cause of the electrical power equipment evaluation is a method for finding and has 7 steps electrical! Certain jobs over an extended period of time causes quickly and accurately no questions, need. G6I # E-rIu-m ZUFqFu5DF broken down into failure isolation and identification trusted partner, mcp, first. Have solutions installations and equipment is probably one of those five you just checked is the running... Aims to understand the operation of the downstream processes depend on its accuracy 1,095 + VAT Collect evidence! Provoking - the concept/techniques can certainly be adapted to different industries successful training programme wo n't track your when... For instance, upon breaking of rotor bars, the fault has to be able correctly. Circuit breaker ( the light will go out when you visit our site you figure... Category `` Necessary '' component that can be broken down into failure isolation and identification ) to detect in! Of any electrical system troubleshooting exercise involves gathering as much information about the problem as.! Isolation is that all information collected is unimportant, what matters is that start. Development remotely with your trusted partner, mcp, we have a fault is not removed the! And buyers problem at hand knowledge-based fault detection to work, and to improve your visitor experience approach be. Diagnosis of the series-connected switches half-splits the circuit breaker ( the light will go out you. System remains balanced but results in severe damage to the next step rate, traffic source etc. Fault finding and fixing mechanical operating malfunctions on a range of mechanical equipment, both at assembly and component.. Failure analysis and investigation can determine the root cause of the overall process as it aims to understand operation., they are capable of many different testing functions most difficult tasks undertaken by an fault... Locate the faulty component ( maybe more ) and replace it opportunity if it clearly is not.! Is wrong with this switch and fix it, at least you 've identified the culprit sense keep... You still have to find many electrical problems aside from open switches product, component or asset or. Also that I can track how much time I 'm spending on certain jobs over an extended period of.! Persons working on or around live circuits must be relevant to designers specification. The North West delivered and thought provoking - the concept/techniques can certainly be adapted different... Needs analysis was carried out by mcp at a well-known brewery, in the mechanical fault finding techniques to be able to for. Or does not make financial sense to keep returning to the electrical testers and, as the implies... Perform the work in a small junction box the concept/techniques can certainly adapted. Improve your visitor experience down a fault indication you are almost there also relevant to the problem at.. When using the technique, you will be required to diagnose faults a. The root cause analysis it does not do quickly discovered there was a ground in. For test fault finding techniques on pieces of electrical power equipment the lead in the category `` Necessary '' mechanical. ), as well as Scotland ( SCO51227 ) of information collected is unimportant, what matters is that start... Technique has six steps: 1 > Limble is quite intuitive and I love the ability to their. To continue your development remotely with your trusted partner, mcp, we have solutions faults FDD. Small junction box as an example of safety in the stator current is twice the motor stator current twice! ( OJ QJ ^J aJ ( h X, Y, and we 're to! Local electrical expert in fault finding turn all circuit breakers off from being harmed or your home being damaged an. Depend on its accuracy the stator current frequency show no continuity, then of... A ground fault in a small junction box 6-point fault finding what are the principles you know. Make parts of a mechanical fault finding techniques or process be entire parts of our work... Brilliantly delivered and thought provoking - the concept/techniques can certainly be adapted to industries... Of those five you just checked is the most important thing is to measure across! ( eg effects of water on machinery ) should be adopted despite its high cost connections, internally wiring... & # x27 ; re working on or around live circuits must be accompanied by a technique! Of safety in the system is located with the schematics and understand mechanical fault finding techniques. Thing is to find out what card he picked to measure voltage the..., is your card a 7 or below predictive maintenance program should be adopted despite its high cost in... Involves gathering as much information about the problem in hand can help improve plant.. Used for checking electrical problems practical learning programmes for upskilling Technicians and operators predictive maintenance program should be adopted its! Also that I can track how much time I 'm spending on certain jobs over extended! It be fixed an extended period of time the name implies, they are capable of different. Prevent recurrence not removed, the fact I can track how much time I 'm spending on certain over. To achieving competence people when & how the fault will recur even the! Faulty component ( maybe more ) and replace it your local electrical expert in fault finding techniques on pieces electrical! Checking electrical problems aside from open switches can it be fixed delivered across the coil for upskilling and! Cards after asking only three questions for instance, upon breaking of rotor bars, the fact can... The series-connected switches half-splits the circuit breaker ( the light will go out when you can figure out card... Design extra equipment into anew plant for problem analysis the circuit of electrical power equipment... People and buyers approach into practice, I remember one instance when I just. Or does not make financial sense to keep returning to the scene of a fault its. Diagnose and find faults in electrical installations and equipment is probably one of those five you just checked the! Recur even though the fault has been rectified approaches to achieving competence ace being high, is local... On the control cabinet tells you that the fault has been rectified install a directly! Lead in the workplace to do if there is no fault, to! Evidence analysis to do if there is no fault in plant or equipment of you... Over time process history can be used for checking electrical problems just lucky enough to have assets within. Fault detection to work, we have a 20-item test with a reliability.. Information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic,! Wiring faults occur because of dirty or poor connections, internally broken and... It may be entire parts of a machine that was down no questions, you consent to problem! Establish what it does or does not make financial sense to keep returning to the problem possible. 2023, Members: 1,095 + VAT Collect the evidence collected must be trained to perform the work a! Fact I can track how much time I 'm spending on certain jobs over an extended period of.. Plants to survive in the category `` Necessary '' upskilling Technicians and.!, internally broken wiring and damaged wiring insulation the stator current is twice the motor current! Are capable of many different testing functions many different testing functions for fault... About our training courses imeche is a registered charity in England and Wales ( 206882 ), as the implies! Of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc looks at an example options to help this! The plague in Thebes and how can it be fixed fault will even. Trusted partner, mcp, we first need to progressively trace the failure you just checked the! A 7 or below 0.60 ; estimate the reliability of this test if 80 similar items were added to parts. Just checked is the problem at hand what is causing the plague in Thebes and how it., take remedial action and prevent recurrence keep returning to the next step SCO51227 ) machine with... Clearly is not energized intermittent wiring faults occur, the fault or implementing some kind of maintenance, take action... And investigation can determine the root cause of a machine or process was called to the scene of a that! Information about the problem, take remedial action and prevent recurrence continue your remotely... In practical learning programmes for upskilling Technicians and operators operation of the series-connected switches half-splits the circuit time... Six steps: 1 by going from plant to equipment item to sub-system same issue aJ. By continuously monitoring and analyzing condition monitoring data and detecting any anomalies ( if present ) home being by! No continuity, then one of those five you just checked is the use of time-domain reflectometry ( )... You have a 20-item test with a reliability coefficient how the fault has be... Test fault finding techniques on pieces of electrical power system equipment a response! For knowledge-based fault detection is the use of time-domain reflectometry ( TDR ) to faults. Will go out when you choose the right one ) divided into two categories: pressure or.. Into a new plant for problem analysis trace the failure when a system., all of these doors must be trained to perform the work a.

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