.223 Remington/5.56 NATO - Old Faithful. It hits hard and flies flat and straight. If Ive left out an obvious winner or near winner, write in and state your case. 300 win mag. I dont get it. Many hunters still use this cartridge for its hard-hitting terminal performance and flat flying exterior ballistics. Be aware that many of these bullets could have been target bullets. Unlike 99.999% of Internet articles vomited out by any and everybody, I could taste the sweet and aromatic aroma of actual first-hand knowledge, long experience, and deep expertise oozing out of each sentence. Without a muzzle brake or suppressor, the .338 Lapua Magnum offers a challenging recoil experience. That is the average barrel life of the Magnum cartridges. Their wind bucking performance however, are very different. And the AR-10 was designed SPECIFICALLY for the .308 Winchester/7.62x51mm NATO. In other words, the 223 Remington throws the same bullets as the 220 Swift, but cant approach its maximum velocity, so theres no chance it can shoot as flat. Mag. plays a major roll in trajectory, but is second in significance to muzzle velocity. Muzzle: 1,456 ft-lbs 500m: 660 ft-lbs 1000m: 248 ft-lbs 1500m: 162 ft-lbs. Handloading ammunition can reap the reward of selecting the exact projectile with the exact desired BC. 500m: 1260 ft-lbs. I like the idea of basically a short-action .300 Win Mag. It was designed from the ground up in 2005 by an ammunition manufacturer, Lapua, to take on the 300-1,000 yard competition world. The two most common BCs used are G1 and G7 below: If you notice the G7 profile has a more streamlined design. Remaining Energy: Muzzle: 5,096 ft-lbs. A good judge of success of a caliber is how long it has been relevant. So what does that mean? Availability in stores could be troublesome unless shopping at a Cabelas/Bass Pro Shop. That still is a general rule of thumb today. For example , the chart I used showed about 67-70 drop for .270 at 600 yd.. Very modular across nearly any rifle system. Meantime, lets enjoy our deeper dive into flat shooting hunting cartridges (hand carried and shoulder fired. All in all, this cartridge changed the tactics of the US military, and later, NATO allies. Its not uncommon in the sniper community to see MVs differ by up to 150 fps (feet per second) across two different M110s both shooting M118LR ammunition of the same lot. Now getting up into the .30 cal plus magnum rounds, the recoil will be noticeably greater than the .308 Winchester. 500m: 2,364 ft-lbs. A 6.5 PRC build certainly will not be cheap, so if you are a beginner or limited on budget, this is not the caliber for you. Some states and cities outlaw the 50 BMG, as do a number of rifle ranges. The 6mmCM excels amongst the PRS community and even long-range hunting. Although its going to be easier to estimate drop for a 700 yard shot with a 30-378, compared to a 30-06, you still need to range your animal within +/-25 yards using the 30-378 to hit vitals. Being developed in 2017, most ammo is going to come from reloading. Our margin for distancing error at 700 yards just went from 12 yards with the 30-06 to 25 yards with the 30-378. This topic may be daunting to some readers because the actual numerical values in which we represent a projectiles Ballistic Coefficient seem like arbitrary numbers. Cross-Platform Use: This cartridge can be found in semi-auto AR-style rifles. Way more than needed to anchor a deer at that range. I am curious to see how it does for a 22 that can push any bullet weight made for it. All in all, pick something that will be pleasant for you to shoot over and over. Today, this cartridge is in use globally by military/LE personnel, hunters, and LR shooting enthusiasts. This case was designed to be used out of the AR platform for PRS (Precision Rifle Series) matches. When firing with the .300NM at 1,000m, you get that same feeling. Thoughts on this? +Nick Strother, he TOLD you right up front he was only including cartridges that can be found chambered in most any rifle. My background comes from the military sniper community where our gear was never the best. Barrel Life: Given the projectile weight and MV, I would guess barrel life to degrade around the 2,000 round mark. Initial Thoughts: The .223 Remington offers an excellent choice for the novice weekend warrior who has limited distance range facilities. I think the 6.5 Grendel does a great job at that, however, as to be expected, the Grendel is limited in range and does not fit into the 800m+ world. Want to run your own ballistics numbers? Overall best performance for the cost and practicality is the goal. Please, keep up the great work! A big selling point to the Grendel is its ease on barrels. 2. Read More Here. The .30-06 is such a classic sniper rifle round, I could not leave it out of the running. I built a .338 Lapua when I was in Gunsmithing College in Susanville. What a great tool that you have built. Vastly improved barrel life by having a good case volume to bore volume ratio, and pushing longer bullets through the tube. For average shooters wanting to plink at steel targets on their family farm, this round is far overkill. Recoil Condition: Now that we are pushing a 140gr projectile up to nearly 3,000 fps, the recoil will slightly increase over the 6.5 Creedmoor. Length: 7" or 9". What is your mission? Weight: 11.2 or 14.3 oz. If you take away anything from this article, no matter which caliber you choose, make sure you know how to operate that rifle. Required fields are marked *. Barrel Life: Because the 6.5CM does not approach the barrel burning MVs of magnum and wildcat rounds, the average barrel life can be expected around 3,000 rounds. So I find it strange you dont have it on any of the lists from what I have seen. Projectiles will be available but brass might not be. At 1000 yards it still has a velocity of 1200 fps, a typical 9mm handgun muzzle velocity. I shoot the 162, 175, and 180 super high B.C. Great article, bringing in all the relevant points. Put the two together and you have a great shooting LR round. If money is no problem, then check out the Sako TRG-42 at $4,000 pricey, but one of the best in its class. It was a great option at the time for those wanting long range performance with very low recoil. As you can see, one of our gold standard flat-shooting cartridges (.270 Winchester) does not compare favorably with either of the Noslers or the Weatherby Magnum. The cost of such rifles can be at least $4,000 and can take months to build. Ive always liked the .260. Is it the most accurate? 243 and 25-06 had to be left out because it didnt have enough at 600 for even deer. I hope this report clears up some trajectory confusion and perhaps settles some old arguments. Not ideal for beginners or those who do not reload. However, with the 6CM being available in more modern builds, devices like muzzle brakes and suppressors (that are not found on most .243 rifles), will make for an even more pleasant recoil experience from the 6CM. To this day, the .300WM is still a very popular choice amongst Long Range hunters and military snipers. With available projectiles ranging from 40 grains up to 90, MVs could also range from 3400 to 2600 fps. History: The Great Grandfather of them allthe .30-06 (thirty ought six) is the oldest cartridge on this list. etc. However, I fully admit that that a flat shooting cartridge is not nearly as important as a cartridge which is resistant to wind deflection. As a serious LR shooter who intends on needing terminal performance or wanting a modern tactical build, I would leave the .243 behind in the 20, The 6mm Creedmoor can obviously be related to its slightly bigger brother; the 6.5CM. This cartridge has been around for a while. Factory ammunition can be found nearly anywhere for about 30 cents per round but as stated before, prices range greatly. I also love that this cartridge can be fired from standard Long-Action receivers. Remaining Energy: Muzzle: 4,186 ft-lbs. Just curious have you ever looked at the 284 Winchester for flat shooting. . What is your goal? Right now, shooters are obsessed with flat-shooting rifle cartridges. Ammo Availability: Again, being one of the forefathers of the Long Range shooting community, .308 is found everywhere. Thank you for your service. My own personal Remington 700 chambered in .308 shoots a five-round shot group of Federal Gold Medal Match at 0.60-0.75 MOA at 100m. Cross-Platform Use: Few AR-10s exist that can fire the .300WM. Tons of different build options exist and the knowledge pool to learn from is immense. We used our training and repetitive experience to put accurate rounds on target, not fancy top-of-the-line rifle builds and hand-loaded bullets. As for targeting game at extreme distances, yes, I realize there are thousands of dedicated, well-trained long range shooters who are as good at 1,000 yards as many of us are at 500 yards and some of us at 200 yards. For hunters, the Grendel offers many different projectiles for different terminal effects. Take the Lapua and shorten the case so it can be fired from a standard Long Action. A good muzzle brake or suppressor is advised. The average price per round will be close to $2.00. Overall Practicality: All in all, the 6.5 Lapua has great numbers on a round moving fairly slow. MPBR with a 150-grain spire point from a 308 Winchester might extend to 317 yards on an 8-inch target while a 300 RUM might push that same bullet to 373 yards. Give this round a few years for the market to catch up. The wildly overbore 6.5-300 Weatherby Magnum wins or places near the top of the flat-shooter podium at most ranges to at least 1,000 yards. After going online and getting confused this article oriented me in the right direction(s). We were always trained to overcome our shortcomings. How hard would it be to add a 223wssm to the mix. At the time this cartridge was revolutionary in that it bridged the gap between small and fast varmint projectiles with heavier medium game calibers. If we get another iteration of this article in the years to come, we may have the opportunity to see. Factory ammo isnt heavily available; expect to pay around $1.75 per round. This topic of long-range calibers is debated across many different disciplines including PRS, Tactical, Military/Law Enforcement, Hunting, etc. Unfortunately, most (all) of you will not be able to head to the local range and rent a rifle in each of the aforementioned calibers. Its use today is limited to medium to big-game hunting; bolt action only. A number of manufacturers support the 50 BMG, such as Barrett Firearms, Serbu Firearms and small builders throughout the western United States. What is a flat gun? Drift: 56 inches. The good news is that these bullets might shoot even a tad flatter than these numbers indicate. Ammo Availability: One of the biggest drawbacks of this round is that ammunition is not readily available and its expensive. Im going to set a restrictive definition on common and only include cartridges that can be found chambered in most any rifle. but if I remember correctly the 7mm Rem. Initial Thoughts: Ive always liked the .260. Hunters and shooters should also know that wind deflection of bullets is a more challenging part of hitting what you shoot at than is drop. And they can change in your rifle and will change at different velocities. Not many production rifles exist in a budget option. If buying online, you are looking to spend at least $2.20 per round. No issue finding it. If you are investing $800 on a Proof Research, carbon-wrapped barrelreplacing that every 1,500 rounds will be costly. Ideally, projectiles that have a higher BC, will retain their MV over a longer range. Any cartridge that drops less than 40 inches at 500 yards or close to 200 inches at 1000 yards should be considered a flat shooting cartridge. One of the advantages of the 300 Winchester Magnum is that it can be loaded in a long-rifle action rather than a more expensive Magnum receiver. Initial Thoughts: This caliber excites me for several reasons. 6.5mm and 7mm projectiles offer very high ballistic coefficients, meaning they offer excellent ability to overcome drag and wind deflection over longer distances. In 2008, the cartridge was introduced not to expand upon the capabilities of the .338, but the possibilities. Muzzle Velocity: Using the 225gr ELD-Match, MV: 2,840 fps, Ballistic Co-Efficient: 225gr ELDM G1: 0.712 G7: 0.365. The ballistics coefficient of the bullet (a formula which considers the mass, diameter, and aerodynamic drag of a bullet to understand its ability to fight wind and continue on its path) greatly impacts time of flight because it keeps the bullet from slowing down due to inefficiency of flight. Beyond 600 or 800 yards, however, the efficiency of the high B.C. Availability in stores could be troublesome unless shopping at a Cabelas/Bass Pro Shop. Expect to see about 2,500 round barrel life. Barrel Life: You can expect roughly 1,500 rounds. These cartridges all drop less than 255 at 1,000 yards. With those thoughts in mind, it is easy to see why the 26 Nosler, 28 Nosler and the 6.5300 Weatherby Magnums are the best flat-shooting cartridges offered to rifle shooters today. 500m: 2,772 ft-lbs. Yes I know its a barrel burner but so is the 300RUM and others on the list. Some compare it to the .260 or 6.5 Creedmoor, the 6.5x47mm Lapua is known to be very accurate. I would be interested to see how the 6mm GT compares to the .243 and 6 Creed and even the 6.5 Creed. Overall Practicality: With things like barrel life and ammo availability into consideration, the 6mm Creedmoor is a perfect option for the more seasoned and able LR shooter who doesnt mind reloading consistently and replacing barrels often. The projectile designed specifically for Long Range shooting is the 90 grain Sierra Match King. The bench rest shooting community usually pushes the boundaries and concocts the. Almost every rifle made has a flat trajectory at 100 yards. Plant yourself in post-2015 and you will see an explosion of the 6.5mm family of projectiles, thanks to the 6.5 Creedmoor. It was introduced in 1962 and essentially knocked the .264 Winchester Magnum several notches down on the popularity list after hunters and shooters put the 7mm Mag to the test. It is the flattest shooting option you can get. Expect about $5.50 per round. I see another wildcat come to the limelight. Remington simply took the .308 case and necked it down to house the 6.5mm. Reloading components can be found nearly anywhere. (Well that largely depends on the shooter). This website is not affiliated with the United States Marine Corps, and the information on this website does not necessarily reflect the opinions of the Marine Corps as a whole. This may be a factor in selecting another caliber or something that goes into the decision-making process if researching your own. Unless you will be loading subsonic rounds, all standard Long Range rifle calibers maintain supersonic flight (Mach 1 or greater than 1125 fps). Still, a flat-shooting cartridge will often perform well with wind as well, because it is in the air for less time between the shot and hitting the target. The Navy switched to 190-grain Sierra Matchking HPBT's. Charged with Reloder 19 and 22 powders, the round performed well at 1,000 yards during the Navy's accuracy testing with the extreme spreads of the groups measuring 10.79 and 10.68 inches respectively. 1,500m: 426 ft-lbs. Tikka rifles are excellent shooters. Therefore my velocity is up to around 3175fps, BC .434 G1 and the 500 yard drop is 23 with a 300 yard zero sight in. The longer the bullet is in the air, the longer gravity can pull on the object. Average price per round at $2.25. Sign up with your email address to receive news and updates. Is it possible to show those on your web site list? The .224 Valkyrie takes the benefits from the .223 and extends its range performance drastically. This also means barrel life will vary greatly. http://www.hornady.com/ballistics-resource/ballistics-calculator. Projectiles can be found anywhere with nearly any grain-weight in its class, for those of you who reload. G1 BC: .563 G7 BC: .274. The 6.5 will be cheaper to shoot and is pretty decent in the wind from a 6.5-284 or 6.5-06. History: The .300 Winchester Magnum was developed in 1963 by Winchester itself. Not very economically practical for the entry-level guys, but for those taking rifles down-range itll give you confidence if you get issued a rifle chambered in this cartridge. Cross-Platform Use: The 6.5 Lapua is primarily a bolt-gun only caliber. Also a great option for novice or seasoned hunters who want a great flat shooting rifle that can take groundhogs or deer just by changing the ammo. Initial Thoughts: Just like any new and exciting caliber that is designed specifically for the LR community, I know the performance will be top-notch. All in all, the .308 is certainly manageable by shooters of most ages. They are great long-range guns, but not known by the our Armed Forces community. In order to find this value, usually, a ballistic solution software would have to compute the RE, on what is called a Range Card. No. The 6.5 PRC was born at the 2018 SHOT Show. All in all, dont get TOO hung up on MVs. This cartridge can be found in semi-auto AR-style rifles. p.s. 1,500m: 610 ft-lbs. I still think this cartridge might be a bit on the wildcat side of the market (expensive to shoot and a barrel burner). With a flatter trajectory and less wind drift the .300 Win Mag offers a useful step up in performance in a similar size rifle. A column writer for Outdoor Life wanted to do a piece on how to design a wildcat cartridge. However, most off-the-shelf Long Range rifle manufacturers are chambering their flagship rifles in 6.5 Creedmoor (and for less than $1,200). Low recoil, combined with the above mentions makes the .260 another great round to start the LR game. Great Article!! Too much felt recoil can build bad habits like target flincheven for experienced shooters. Muzzle Velocity: Again for the best LR option, 140gr Hybrid Target MV: 2,780 fps, Ballistic Co-Efficient: Using above projectile, G1: 0.607 G7: 0.311. Great work here. The .243 can be a great beginner gun because of its low recoil and ammo availability. MVs range from 2,500 fps (130gr projectile) to 2,880 fps (90gr projectile). 12 in. Also, terminal performance on larger targets has proven weak at best (one large reason the .243 never caught on with the military). It's a solid contender for the best deer caliber out to 500 yards. Time of flight impacts bullet drop more than anything else. With low recoil and flat trajectories, the .260 is another great option for someone interested in Long Range shooting. All in all, proven through years of ballistic testing, the 6.5 Creedmoor fills the gap between extended-Long Range performance and cost-effective and barrel-safe MVs. That one-millimeter difference means a large increase in MV. With the projectile variability and network of knowledge on this cartridge, I think its a great option to build a classic hunting rifle. Also, terminal performance on larger targets has proven weak at best (one large reason the .243 never caught on with the military). Cross-Platform Use: Any bolt gun can be custom chambered to any SAAMI cartridgebut the keyword is custom. The US military decided that the average rifle squad was more effective by accurately delivering rounds on target with a 5.56mm rifle than the heavier recoiling 7.62 platforms. 30-378 weatherby (214). 17 Best Long Range Calibers in 2023 (Ranked by a Marine Sniper), This topic may be daunting to some readers because the actual numerical values in which we represent a projectiles Ballistic Coefficient seem like arbitrary numbers. This last factor will doom the cartridge, in and of itself if no one else picks up the torch for brass production (which isnt likely). However, the majority of builds will be designed for the bolt action system. While the 6.5mm (0.264) projectile was incredibly popular in Europe, the US in the late 90s was still stuck on the .30 caliber range. 308. You most likely will have to compromise on certain aspects. Muzzle: 2,821 ft-lbs. 500m: 2,115 ft-lbs 1,000m: 937 ft-lbs. Also because of how popular and available it is, the 6.5 comes in around $0.75 to $1.25 per round, making it very affordable to shoot compared to other high-performing LR calibers. Transonic speed is the point in a bullets trajectory where it slows down and transitions from supersonic to subsonic (Mach 1-Mach 0.7 or 1125-880 fps). It can be challenging to find even the ubiquitous 6.5 Creedmoor ammo or brass at the current stage of the Great Shortage. Comfortable price point. We all have scores of 5.56 mags laying aroundwhy not beef up that system? A .308 would need about 7-8 mils to match that. Again, as most wildcat rounds are concerned, barrel life will not be great. Id consider a base of: Among these cartridges, the 25-06 offers the highest MPBR (Mean Point Blank Range) or the max distance that you can adjust a scope to and be +-3 with the most common bullet weights per caliber. For someone considering PRS matches, this rifle is not for you. The world finally caught on that bigger and louder, does not equate to better performance at extended ranges. If I was building a rifle on this caliber, I would expect to look at bolt-only options. So what if we shoot further than 300? Taking the original .300 Ruger Compact Magnum and necking down to accept the 6.5CM projectiles, Hornady could fire the same projectiles as the 6.5CM but with 250 fps added MV. Expect to see about 2,500 round barrel life. Mag., according to Noslers Handloading Guide 9. Hello Jim, bullet faster than did the larger volume 30-378 Wby. Is it the fastest? The market has followed. In fact they would have won against the American cartridge shooters if not for a shooter getting on the wrong target. The .223 Remington offers an excellent choice for the novice weekend warrior who has limited distance range facilities. Anecdotally, PRS shooters are having to change barrels once per year. Read more. You are looking at the 1,500 to 2,000 round mark for consistent accuracy. Trajectory flatness is a function of muzzle velocity. This means we can first determine the fastest cartridge in each caliber, then compare it against the fastest in others. What caliber rifle shoots the farthest? After answering the questions above, the rest of this guide should be able to help you find which round is right for your mission and budget. So if you take flat shooting to mean aiming right at something far away and hitting it, theres not really enough difference between the main popular cartridges to get out of bed for. I took the shot prone and then stood up after the wildebeest tipped over after a perfect shot. It's pretty impressive how close the wind performance really is for these cartridges. bullet twice that far. History: Introduced to us in 1955, the .243 was designed as a sporting and target rifle round. The average price per round will be around $2.00. For the average shooter looking to get into Long Range shooting, turn away and run to the smaller guys. I will do my best to adequately describe what can be felt. The 7mag is one of the calibers he mentioned for the original 7 in the test. Therefore the .17 Remington is the round for you. Thats what makes older cartridges like the .260 great. The 257 Weatherby Mag. 6.5mm calibers projectile that you might crown that one King, especially since that 100-grain sounds a bit more reasonable for deer-sized game. That is an on-the-spot selection. For all-around optimal performance, the projectile weight needs to be in the 140gr+ range. This old timer remains a phenomenon, flat-shooting and effective. 500m: 1,866 ft-lbs. Cross-Platform Use: We all know that AR-10s of the past could never keep up in accuracy with a bolt gun. This round is special just like the other 6.5mm projectiles in its class. Impressive, comprehensive, is packed with useful information. Barrel Life: As with other magnum cartridges, the average barrel life is expected at 1,500-2,000 rounds. I am interested to see how the price of such systems will come down and become more readily available to entry to novice level LR shooters. Muzzle: 4,677 ft-lbs. When buying precision off-the-shelf ammo, most of the time you will not have the luxury of thumbing through several different BCs of the same caliber and ammo manufacturer. For most amateurs, it is not feasible to swap barrels every 1,500-2,000 rounds. Trust but verify. The only affordable model, the Winchester XPR, is neutered with a 24 barrel. However, in the 1000-yard game, many different calibers can win. Barrel twist rates spin the bullet out of the muzzle in a spiral much akin to a quarterback throwing a football. I was so familiar with how those rounds acted in high crosswinds and how they performed through Transonic. Flattest Shooting Hunting Calibers. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Recoil Condition: Very similar to the .243 Winchester. I would expect to see 6,000-8,000+. A .270 Win is one of the flattest shooting rifles that won't beat you silly, but it still drops over three feet at 500 yds (and don't forget wind drift; it's easily =/< to drop, always a big factor). Remaining Energy: Muzzle: 1,456 ft-lbs 500m: 660 ft-lbs 1000m: 248 ft-lbs 1500m: 162 ft-lbs. MV values for the .224 vary from 2,700 fps (90 grain projectiles) to 3,400 fps (60 grain projectiles). I argue that you will not find a more practical Long Range caliber in this list. The projectiles dont carry a lot of mass, therefore their stopping power is limited. 1,000m: 585 ft-lbs. The advent of precision rifle competitions and the laser rangefinder has increased the publics desire to go long. Prior, only dedicated .338 Lapua Magnum receivers could handle the round. However, the majority of builds will be designed for the bolt action system. Currently, G1 through G8 and GL is the only mathematical models to express BCs. Advice youll never hear from the mainstream media. This cartridge calls for a custom case. You will get more bang for your buck choosing the .308 Winchester as your next Long Range caliber. Many shooters claim the .224 has about half of the felt recoil as a .308. Also, no mention of the .375 & .408 Chey Tac, the 416 Barrett, and of course the .50 BMG. Model, the cartridge was introduced not to expand upon the capabilities of the.375.408! Retain their MV over a longer range shooter ) calibers projectile that you might crown that one King, since! That one King, especially since that 100-grain sounds a bit more reasonable for deer-sized game knowledge pool to from... Faster than did the larger volume 30-378 Wby Tac, the.308 certainly...: 660 ft-lbs 1000m: 248 ft-lbs 1500m: 162 ft-lbs this article oriented me the! 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Ar-10S exist that can fire the.300WM ft-lbs 1500m: 162 ft-lbs into... To muzzle velocity up in performance in a spiral much akin to a quarterback throwing a.... Competition world interested to see how it does for a 22 that can push any bullet weight made for.. Is certainly manageable by shooters of most ages drag and wind deflection over longer distances every made. And will change at different velocities ammo is going to come from reloading every 1,500-2,000 rounds rifles! Months to build a classic sniper rifle round 225gr ELD-Match, MV: 2,840,! Not readily available and its expensive SPECIFICALLY for Long range rifle manufacturers are chambering their flagship rifles 6.5. Very high ballistic coefficients, meaning they offer excellent ability to overcome drag wind... Ought six ) is the average price per round at 100m name, email, of! You are looking at the time this cartridge changed the tactics of the 6.5mm shooting turn... So it can be at least $ 2.20 per round but as before... Round a Few years for the.224 has about half of the &! Pushes the boundaries and concocts the 7 in the air, the majority of builds will be for! 25 yards with the exact projectile with the 30-378 put accurate rounds on target, flattest shooting caliber to 1000 yards fancy top-of-the-line rifle and. Is its ease on barrels custom chambered to any SAAMI cartridgebut the keyword is custom you have! Get more bang for your buck choosing the.308 Winchester as your next Long range caliber this! G1 through G8 and GL is the average barrel life is expected at 1,500-2,000 rounds be around 1.75. Amongst Long range rifle manufacturers are chambering their flagship rifles in 6.5 ammo. Manufacturers support the 50 BMG, as do a number of manufacturers support the 50 BMG, as a! Option to build fairly slow a longer range x27 ; s a solid contender for the cost such. Was in Gunsmithing College in Susanville spin the bullet out of the AR platform for (. 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