In the Snowy Mountains, scientists have been using glaciogenic seeding on cold fronts to the west of the mountains. Such operational programmes can be conducted “once the long-term prediction of precipitation becomes more accurate and reliable and when we can predict water shortage with a lead time of a few months,” he says. (4) Weather Modification Association. 1. In an analysis of results from the initial 2005-2009 experiment, researchers found a positive, but not statistically significant, impact of seeding on snowfall; however, they found the targeting of the seeding efforts “unequivocally successful”, with levels of silver iodide higher in seeded areas compared to unseeded ones. “Improving our understanding of cloud and precipitation processes are the number one priority and the better we understand them, the better we can potentially impact cloud processes with cloud seeding.”, The fundamental challenge of weather modification is identifying and locating the best clouds for the job. The United States Code is meant to be an organized, logical compilation of the laws passed by Congress. A major aim of the work is to clarify the microphysical structures of clouds suitable for seeding and their occurrence frequency over the eastern mountain areas of the UAE. In these regions, clouds form from air flowing over mountains. “In addition, clouds in different regions with different levels of pollution can also develop precipitation differently – and even in one region depending on the pollution on a specific day,” Bruintjes says. “The basic concept of weather modification, especially precipitation enhancement, is to find a rate-limiting process related to the conversion of cloud water to precipitation in natural clouds, and to bypass it with a minimum level of artificial stimulation,” says Dr. Masataka Murakami of the Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research at Nagoya University in Japan. What Happened: China announced that it’s planning a rapid expansion to its weather modification program.Most people probably didn’t know that China even had a weather modification program. Status of inadvertent weather modification. Weather modification is generally considered to be the deliberate effort to improve atmospheric conditions for beneficial human purposes. Weather modification, the deliberate or the inadvertent alternation of atmospheric conditions by human activity, sufficient to modify the weather on local or regional scales.. General considerations. “Therefore, it is important to find the clouds that have the potential to precipitate but cannot exert that ability.”, Indeed, says Dr. Abdullah Al Mandoos, director of the National Centre for Meteorology and Seismology in the United Arab Emirates (UAE): “Any country that has a plan to implement cloud seeding projects needs to investigate the physical and chemical properties of the frequent and available clouds in their territory.”. At its top level, it divides the world of legislation into fifty topically-organized Titles, and each Title is further subdivided into any number of logical subtopics. “Still, reliable campaigns remain costly, requiring numerous test clouds, both seeded and not,” she says. Munoz is a science writer and content strategist based in Washington, D.C., USA. “Water is the basic sustenance of life on Earth, with water and the air we breathe as the two primary issues in this century,” says Dr. Roelof Bruintjes of the U.S. National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) and chair of the WMO Expert Team on Weather Modification. According to its director, Alya Al Mazroui, the program has two goals: to boost research in rain enhancement worldwide, and to increase rainfall in the UAE and other arid and semi-arid regions in the world. “The guidelines state that countries that practice cloud seeding must investigate seeded and unseeded clouds through a statistical randomization method,” he says. Define Weather modification and control. The paper will not discuss nonintentional acts of weather modification. The Beijing Weather Modification Office form a part of China's nationwide weather control effort, believed to be the world's largest; it employs 37,000 people nationwide, who seed clouds by firing rockets and shells loaded with silver iodide into them. Weather modification can be considered as falling into two categories: intentional and inadvertent. “What you add may not have the desired effect in your vicinity, but by being transported along might have undesired effects elsewhere.”, But above all, it’s all about the clouds. “As we get better at weather prediction, we can better predict a change.”. Weather modification has been used in an attempt to increase rainfall and snowfall, to suppress hail, to clear fogs, to modify tropical cyclones and to suppress lightning. Weather patterns are notoriously chaotic, and even the best science can offer only modest long-range results. They are an especially attractive target for cloud seeding because high-elevation snowpacks can store water for a region year-round. Weather modification and control" means changing or controlling, or attempting to change or control, by artificial methods, the natural development of any or all atmospheric cloud forms or precipitation forms which occur in the tropo- sphere. Despite decades of research, deep skepticism still surrounds cloud seeding due, in part, to the challenge of verifying the efficacy of the technique – establishing cause and effect – given the complexity and variability of weather systems. 16 examples: The experience of countries undertaking weather modification operations for… All contents of the lawinsider.com excluding publicly sourced documents are Copyright © 2013-. Without clouds, these technologies are powerless. Geoengineering and weather manipulation is nothing new but has been around for over 150 years. Humans have long sought to purposefully alter such atmospheric phenomena as clouds, rain, snow, hail, lightning, thunderstorms, tornadoes, hurricanes, and cyclones. Earlier this month, China’s state council announced that by 2025 its weather modification programme will cover around half the country. Weather modification and control" means changing or controlling, or attempting to change or control, by artificial methods the natural development of atmospheric cloud forms or precipitation forms that occur in the troposphere. A secondary analysis showed enhanced levels of seeding materials that suggested additional ice particles and thus an impact on cloud precipitation processes. The term “ weather modification ” means any activity performed with the intention of producing artificial changes in the composition, behavior, or dynamics of the atmosphere. In Japan, for example, where water shortage is a transient, not chronic, problem, Murakami says that glaciogenic seeding of orographic snow clouds can be a preventive measure in late spring and early summer. Like in a medical experiment, where no two people are alike, “no cloud is the same as another, and there are many factors that can play a role in the development of precipitation in a cloud.”. Their goal is to achieve the ability to affect the weather over a 2.1 million square mile area, an area one and a half times the size of their regional foe, India. It focuses on liability under international law, and emphasizes issues related to cloud-seeding to affect precipitation and to hurricane modification. “Nobody can make a cloud or chase away a cloud.”, “The basic concept of weather modification, especially precipitation enhancement, is to find a rate-limiting process related to the conversion of cloud water to precipitation in natural clouds, and to bypass it with a minimum level of artificial stimulation,” says Dr. Masataka Murakami of the Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research at Nagoya University in Japan. Desalinated seawater accounts for 40% of the country’s water supply. 3 The definition of weather modification used in the I966 Report of the National Academy of Sciences will serve us as a standard here: The subject of weather and climate modification is concerned with any artificially produced changes in the composition, behavior, or dynamics of … UAE Research Programme for Rain Enhancement Science. Anything that alters clouds can affect seeding. Weather modification can also have the goal of preventing damaging weather, such as hail or hurricanes, from occurring. Award Winners of the UAE Rain Enhancement Programme - The United Arab Emirates announced the winners of the Rain Enhancement Programme on 17 January. Part of finding the “right” clouds depends of the temperature. Some reports suggest that snowfall has increased by up to 14%. Using nanotechnology, researchers could potentially create new chemicals for cloud seeding that better mimic the crystalline structure of ice at a nanoscale. One such group is Murakami’s research team, which received a 2015 grant award from the UAE Research Programme for Rain Enhancement Science. Clouds in the tropics differ from clouds in the mid-latitudes because temperature influences how cloud processes operate. “If these particles already exist in optimal size and concentration in some regions of the world, cloud seeding would not have an impact.”. Weather modification has been something that the United States and many other governments have been working on for years including Project Stormfury which is a U.S. project that focused on controlling the storm paths of hurricanes. In addition to the award to Murakami’s team for improving cloud seeding validation, other recipients of the 2015 award were projects to “use nanotechnology to manufacture more effective seeding materials and land cover modification to enhance the confluence areas and improve the convection initiation,” says Al Mandoos. “It depends very much on the specific cloud whether adding particles to it will have any effect at all, and if it has an effect that it is in the desired direction.”. The location of the clouds is also highly significant. Intentional weather modification includes practical, small-scale efforts such as frost prevention. The project continues to this date, well beyond the initial trials. Over the last 10 years, cloud seeding experiments have benefited from advances in numerical models that can simulate seeding more accurately, as well as improved observational tools to understand the physical processes in clouds due to seeding. Bolstered by an international drive for research and funding to secure water resources, scientists are cautiously working to modernize rainmaking for the 21st century. Products & Press Releases. These tools include more precise satellite capability and ground-based and airborne dual-polarization radars that can better measure precipitation size. Bruintjes and Murakami point to examples of snowpack enhancement projects in Wyoming, USA, and the Snowy Mountains in Australia. Weather modification, which could also be called “weather intervention,” is the intentional alteration of the composition, behavior, or dynamics of the atmosphere occurring over a specified area and time period to accomplish a particular goal (NRC, 2003). Warm or cold, polluted or clean, over a mountain or a field, a cloud’s characteristics are key to the success or failure of cloud seeding efforts. Measuring the impact of cloud seeding initiatives is challenging. For example, heat and aerosols released from major city centres affect the temperature and precipitation pattern around those cities. The UAE Program team is working with awardees over the next three years to help them implement their research projects. Glaciogenic seeding uses agents, such as silver iodide, that initiate ice formation in “cold clouds,” those colder than 0 °C and that have supercooled water. “The outcome of this statistical randomization process must then be supported with an analysis that validates the original cloud seeding operations.”. For example, volcanic eruptions have injected particles into stratosphere that have reduced temperatures globally for 2 to 3 years after the eruptions (e.g. According to a report from 2015, greater-than-normal cloud cover enabled more missions that year. In the colder months, ground-based generators spray a mixture  of silver iodide that the winds carry east to clouds over the mountains. “There is no one-size-fits-all solution,” she says. New tools are enabling meteorologists to study and understand clouds and their modification with greater precision than ever, while new technologies such as nanotechnology are expanding the possibilities for the field. An Act To End Atmospheric Experimentation Without Notification. The US$5 million funding went to Professor Giles Harrison of the University of Reading, Professor Hannele Korhonen of the Finnish Meteorological Institute and Dr Paul Lawson of SPEC Inc. Lisa M.P. China this week revealed plans to drastically expand an experimental weather modification program to cover an area of over 5.5 million square kilometers (2.1 million square miles) -- … The 2015 WMO Statement on Weather Modification also discusses weather modification techniques to suppress hail and disperse fog, and it mentions recent interest in climate engineering. © 2021 World Meteorological Organization (WMO), Seeding Change in Weather Modification Globally. The Weather Modification Association was organized in 1950 to cultivate a better understanding of weather modification techniques, impacts, and expectations among program sponsors, program operators, and the scientific community, and to promote ethical professional conduct and a free exchange of information. Our goal is to increase public awareness and debate about the moral and legal implications of today's multi-billion dollar weather control industry and the coming global governance of sunlight-blocking geoengineering schemes. a. The changes include modifying the climate in an area that is more than one and a half times the size of India, covering an area of over 5.5 million square kilometers (2.1 million square miles). “Although not perfect, it has been a great step forward,” Bruintjes says. The WMO report offers caution for such global-scale efforts, pointing out the historical difficulties in proving cause and effect for seeding interventions at the local scale. As another example of inadvertent weather modification, Flossmann says that satellites have observed that particles released by ship chimneys modify cloud properties of the stratocumulus cloud deck above, appearing to brighten the clouds. Water is a critical issue in the UAE with its 10 000 year-old groundwater supplies running low, and demand for water expected to double in the next 15 years by some estimates. Weather Modification. “Recently, seeding has been proposed as a climate mitigation strategy, to increase cloud brightness and increase the part of solar radiation reflected into space,” Flossmann says. Al Mandoos says he is proud of the “UAE as a global hub that develops the best technologies that contribute to the water shortage solutions.”. Since the discovery in the late 1940s that crystals of silver iodide can form ice crystals in some water vapor, scientists have been working to understand how to alter the way water forms and moves within a cloud. Weather modification, by comparison, is relatively inexpensive. For either glaciogenic or hygroscopic seeding, it is essential to determine if clouds in a region are already efficient or if cloud seeding can potentially make a difference. means changing or controlling, or attempting to change or control, by artificial methods the natural development of atmospheric cloud forms or precipitation forms that occur in the troposphere. The Environmental Modification Accountability Act #ENMODAA. This section summarizes the current knowledge of the physical processes affecting weather modification as a result of changes in land use, aerosol, and gas emissions. Some of the most successful cases of cloud seeding in the world have happened in mountainous regions, with glaciogenic seeding of “orographic” clouds. China is planning a rapid expansion of its weather modification programme to cover an area more than one and a half times the size of India, in a … The WMA cultivates a better understanding of weather modification techniques among program sponsors, program operators, and the scientific community. About Weather Modification LLC dba Weather Modification International (WMI): WMI is the world-leader in atmospheric chemistry, pollution and weather research, weather forecasting and modeling, and weather modification programs. Further, understanding anthropogenic effects on weather is important to improve short-range and longer term weather predictions. “The main cloud seeding methods provide centers for drops and ice crystals to form on,” Bruintjes says. The term "weather modification" is not normally used to describe inadvertent changes in our weather. Can a State be held liable to another State or to citizens of another State for damage caused by (a) the State's own weather modification activities; ( The salt helps water droplets to collide and produce rain. 1.2K likes. While “cloud seeding could be a tool to enhance water resources, it is not a ‘drought busting’ because we need clouds,” says Bruintjes, whose early training in weather modification was in South Africa. For all weather modification – intentional or not – it is important to remember that “the atmosphere has no walls,” Flossmann says. WEATHER MODIFICATION: cloud seeding, atmospheric services - Weather Modification, Inc. It has also been building a weather modification … Operational programmes to modify the weather – including to disperse fog, enhance rain and snowfall, and suppress hail – are taking place in more than 50 countries worldwide. It is an honor to transmit herewith to the National Science Foundation the report of the Special Commission on Weather Modification, authorized Weather modification and control program" means the research, development, licensing, and permitting and other associated activities to be administered by the Texas Department of Licensing and Regulation. She is a former press officer and editor for WMO. Al Mandoos of the UAE points to the WMO Guiding Principles for the Planning of Weather Modification Activities as an important resource for countries looking to improve water security. Weather Modification International provides atmospheric chemistry, pollution and weather research, weather forecasting and modeling, and weather modification programs. As part of Public Law 92-205 (1972), all non-Federal weather modification activities must be reported to the U.S. Secretary of Commerce, via the NOAA Office of Weather and Air Quality. Global-scale cloud seeding does have a historical precedence but in an unexpected way: through inadvertent weather modification. With the high cost of desalination, the UAE has been conducting cloud seeding as a possible lower-cost alternative. The Environmental Modification Convention (ENMOD), formally the Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques is an international treaty prohibiting the military or other hostile use of environmental modification techniques having widespread, long-lasting or severe effects. When most people look up they see clouds. Weather modification also does not refer to climate changecaused by industrial and natural sources of aerosols … For the purposes of this thesis, weather modification will be defined as an intentional act to modify the weather. Weather Modification History was created to inform the public of the extensive history of weather modification experiments. “Usually we revert to a randomized experiment similar to what is used in the medical community when they test a new drug,” Bruintjes says. ... For now, the only international agreement that comes close to addressing such … The US$ 5 million UAE Research Programme for Rain Enhancement Science launched in 2015 as an international initiative to advance the research and technology of rain enhancement. Examples of weather modification in a sentence, how to use it. In 2016, UAE undertook 177 cloud seeding operations, mostly using hygroscopic seeding in the eastern mountain ranges on the border with Oman to raise levels in aquifers and reservoirs. China has frequently made use of cloud seeding technologies to relieve droughts or clear the air ahead of major international events. Another member of the WMO Expert Team on Weather Modification, Andrea Flossmann of Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont Ferrand in France, says that researchers have been working to improve the statistical approaches necessary to validate the randomized approach. Increasing precipitation requires one of two approaches to help water particles collide, merge, and grow: glaciogenic seeding and hygroscopic seeding. China has frequently made use of cloud seeding technologies to relieve droughts or clear the air ahead of major international events. As part of its rain enhancement program, the UAE is working to lead the way for greater investments and technological advancements in weather modification. Because silver iodide has a crystalline shape similar to natural ice, it can create ice earlier in the lifetime of a cloud, giving it more time to grow precipitation-sized particles.In “warm clouds,” convective clouds with large parts warmer than -10 °C, scientists can use hygroscopic seeding, generally with a simple salt. such eruptions are thought to have contributed to the “little ice age” in the 19th century). The Communist Chinese govern has announced it plans to radically expand its experimental weather modification project. “We are working to better evaluate, and ultimately improve, the effectiveness of precipitation enhancement in arid and semi-arid regions through a sound scientific research consisting of data analysis, laboratory experiments, field observation and numerical modelling,” he says. Our solution is an addendum to the international weather warfare ban requiring two things: • TRANSPARENCY: a worldwide requirement to give 48 hour notice before modifying or experimenting in our sky or surrounding atmosphere.
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