A naturalised German of Polish-Jewish origins, she co-founded the Spartacus League, which opposed the first world war and later became the German Communist party. [40], At this time, the legions of Pompey returned from Hispania and were ordered by the Senate to head south to aid Crassus. During his rebellion against the Romans, Spartacus led his fellow slaves to victory in a … He was given command of eight legions of approximately 40,000 - 50,000 soldiers. His strategy was to cut off the slaves' escape route and force them to surrender because of hunger. His leadership resulted in the defeat of nine Roman armies. The Spartacus League (German: Spartakusbund) was a Marxist revolutionary movement organized in Germany during World War I. While little is known about the motives behind the rebellion, Spartacus led a successful campaign against Rome for two full years. and lasted four years. Spartacus then led his army back toward Rome. Leaders of 32 states representing about 75% of the world's population, attended. All rights reserved. [7] The authors refer to the Thracian tribe of the Maedi,[8][9][10] which occupied the area on the southwestern fringes of Thrace, along its border with the Roman province of Macedonia – present day south-western Bulgaria. This particular type of gladiator was always a large man because his armor alone weighed 40 lbs. They attacked the unfortified Roman camp, killed most of the men, and seized the camp and equipment. [27] They spent the winter of 73–72 BC training, arming and equipping their new recruits, and expanding their raiding territory to include the towns of Nola, Nuceria, Thurii and Metapontum. The mascot for the Ottawa Senators, Spartacat, is also named after him. [42] When Crassus refused, Spartacus and his army broke through the Roman fortifications and headed up the Bruttium peninsula with Crassus's legions in pursuit. Also due to Social War, some of Spartacus' ranks were legion veterans. The empire originally responded to the uprising as a policing matter. Rome then assigned the task of defeating Spartacus to Marcus Licinius Crassus, a wealthy and experienced military leader. Plutarch, Appian and Florus all claim that Spartacus died during the battle, but Appian also reports that his body was never found. Amphitheatre. in Sicily and lasted two years, erupted in Sicily in 104 B.C. They were surprised when Spartacus, who had made ropes from vines, climbed down the cliff side of the volcano with his men and attacked the unfortified Roman camp in the rear, killing most of them.[22]. Spartacus (Greek: Σπάρτακος Spártakos; Latin: Spartacus; c. 111–71 BC) was a Thracian gladiator who, along with Crixus, Gannicus, Castus, and Oenomaus, was one of the escaped slave leaders in the Third Servile War, a major slave uprising against the Roman Republic. The Spartakiad was a Soviet bloc version of the Olympic games. The rebels also defeated a second expedition, nearly capturing the praetor commander, killing his lieutenants and seizing the military equipment. [38] After this, Crassus's legions were victorious in several engagements, forcing Spartacus farther south through Lucania as Crassus gained the upper hand. According to Plutarch, Spartacus made a bargain with Cilician pirates to transport him and some 2,000 of his men to Sicily, where he intended to incite a slave revolt and gather reinforcements. By the end of 71 BC, Spartacus was encamped in Rhegium (Reggio Calabria), near the Strait of Messina. See more. 'Special Projects Area Reconnaissance Teams, Assessing Critically Urban Security' is one option -- get in to view more @ The Web's largest and most authoritative acronyms and abbreviations resource. Meaning of spartacus. [18], About 70[19] slaves were part of the plot. Appian and Florus write that he intended to march on Rome itself. Log in here for access, {{courseNav.course.topics.length}} chapters | When the Armistice was signed on 11th November, 1918, it was agreed that there would be a Peace Conference held in Paris to discuss the post-war world. Two volumes. Spartacus Family History. Rome dispatched militia under the command of praetor Gaius Claudius Glaber, who besieged Spartacus and his camp on Mount Vesuvius, hoping that starvation would force Spartacus to surrender. An ancient city on the coast of North Africa near present-day Tunis. In response, Rome sent two armies under the leadership of Lucius Gellius and Gnaeus Lentulus. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. The League was named after Spartacus, leader of the largest slave rebellion of the Roman Republic. Spartacus became a gladiator known as a murmillo ('a man of enormous strength and spirit'). Little is known of the early years of Spartacus. [53] Spartacus Books, one of the longest running collectively-run leftist book stores in North America, is also named in his honour. some 70 gladiators escaped and fled to Mt. [18] The escaped slaves defeated soldiers sent after them, plundered the region surrounding Capua, recruited many other slaves into their ranks, and eventually retired to a more defensible position on Mount Vesuvius.[20][21]. Information and translations of spartacus in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on the web. The rural slave lived a life in the frontier thus better equipping themselves to march with Spartacus' army. Working Scholars® Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community, Roman slave responsible for one of history's greatest slave rebellions, began in 135 B.C. His leadership resulted in the defeat of nine Roman armies. While Spartacus sent men to scout the countryside and find food, they also came back to camp with new men to train. Spartacus believed that once the regular Roman armies returned from their campaigns, his rebel forces would be beaten. Italy had unprecedented wealth, including over 1 million slaves.Its economy was reliant on slave labour, and its diffuse political structure (which didn’t yet have a single leader) was profoundly unstable. Earn Transferable Credit & Get your Degree. 800 B.C.E. Genner, Michael. Instead of leaving with the men who agreed with him, Spartacus stayed to lead. [55] Spartacus has been a great inspiration to left-wing revolutionaries, most notably the German Spartacus League (1915–18), a forerunner of the Communist Party of Germany. [28] The distance between these locations and the subsequent events indicate that the slaves operated in two groups commanded by the remaining leaders Spartacus and Crixus. [49][clarification needed], Toussaint Louverture, a leader of the slave revolt that led to the independence of Haiti, has been called the "Black Spartacus". However, all sources agree that he was a former gladiator and an accomplished military leader. What does spartacus mean? Spartacus lived the life of a gladiator. Disciplinary actions … Spartacus has been the subject of popular culture, including the big screen and television. Around 130 BC there had been a h… He is said to have fought either with or against the Romans. His forces struck blow after blow against Rome and wreaked havoc on the countryside for two years. flashcard set{{course.flashcardSetCoun > 1 ? City located in present-day Tunisia, founded by Phoenicians ca. Finally, Spartacus and Crixus parted, dividing the rebel forces. Spartacus trained in the barracks of Cnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Vatia (some sources refer to this man as Lentulus Batiatus) in the city of Capua. [38] Minor sources mention that there were some attempts at raft and shipbuilding by the rebels as a means to escape, but that Crassus took unspecified measures to ensure the rebels could not cross to Sicily, and their efforts were abandoned. [43], When the legions managed to catch a portion of the rebels separated from the main army,[44] discipline among Spartacus's forces broke down as small groups independently attacked the oncoming legions. The response of the Romans was hampered by the absence of the Roman legions, which were already engaged in fighting a revolt in Spain and the Third Mithridatic War. Spartacus (Greek: Σπάρτακος Spártakos; Latin: Spartacus; c. 111–71 BC) was a Thracian gladiator who, along with Crixus, Gannicus, Castus, and Oenomaus, was one of the escaped slave leaders in the Third Servile War, a major slave uprising against the Roman Republic. GET STARTED. Though few in number, they seized kitchen utensils, fought their way free from the school, and seized several wagons of gladiatorial weapons and armour. [56] A January 1919 uprising by communists in Germany was called the Spartacist uprising. Once free, the men chose Spartacus, Crixus, and Oenomaus as their leaders. Several sports clubs around the world, in particular the former Soviet and the Communist bloc, were named after the Roman gladiator. While still camped near Mount Vesuvius, Spartacus's forces destroyed an attachment of 2,000 of Varinius's men under the command of his lieutenant, Lucius Furius. In September, 1997, Spartacus Educational founder and managing director John Simkin became the first educational publisher in Britain to establish a website that was willing to provide teachers and students with free educational materials. They seized several wagons containing weapons and armor. Phillip II. However, all sources agree that he was a former gladiator and an accomplished military leader. From there in 73 B.C. According to the surviving sources, Spartacus was from Thrace, an area in southeast Europe that the Romans were often trying to subjugate during the first century B.C.. Crixus was in favor of expanding the war into other parts of Italy, while Spartacus wanted to retreat into the northern Alps and allow the men to slowly return to their homelands. Rome's first response to the slave revolt was small and undermanned. Spartacus definition, Thracian slave, gladiator, and insurrectionist. Eventually he found himself in the gladiator school of Gnaeus Lentulus Batiatus at Capua. Though ordered not to engage the rebels, Mummius attacked at a seemingly opportune moment but was routed. cus (spär′tə-kəs) Died 71 bc. The Second Servile War erupted in Sicily in 104 B.C. First Fight. None of Spartacus's actions overtly suggest that he aimed at reforming Roman society or abolishing slavery. The rebels were now under siege and cut off from their supplies. "Spartakus. Spartacus Name Meaning. As for Spartacus himself, his body was never recovered. [3], The Greek essayist Plutarch describes Spartacus as "a Thracian of Nomadic stock",[4] in a possible reference to the Maedi tribe. What slave revolt was inspired by Spartacus? By this time, the Roman Empire considered Spartacus a threat. Around 73 B.C., Spartacus and a group of gladiators plotted an escape from their ludus (gladiator school). By the 1st century BC, Rome had gathered supreme control of the Mediterranean in a series of bloody wars. [16] Spartacus was trained at the gladiatorial school (ludus) near Capua belonging to Lentulus Batiatus. He was only outfitted with a bronze helmet and arm and leg guards. Karl Marx listed Spartacus as one of his heroes and described him as "the most splendid fellow in the whole of ancient history" and a "great general, noble character, real representative of the ancient proletariat". Born in roughly 109 B.C.E., his life's mostly a mystery to history until he became a thorn in the side of the Roman Empire. 14-Day Free Trial. It is generally agreed that he was around 30 years old at the time of his enslavement. Furious, Crassus gathered 500 survivors accused of cowardice and ordered decimation (the death of every tenth man). Recruits included both slaves and free men who had flocked to join the rebellion. He and his army ignited a slave revolt that threatened the powerful Roman Empire to its very core. In modern times, Spartacus became an icon for communists and socialists. Spartacus, leader in the Gladiatorial War (73–71 BCE) against Rome. But what do we really know about the man who inspired these stories? Florus (2.8.8) described him as one "who from Thracian mercenary, had become a Roman soldier, of a soldier a deserter and robber, and afterward, from consideration of his strength, a gladiator". He sent his lieutenant Mummius along with two legions to circle around and flank Spartacus. He gave Mummius strict orders not to engage the rebels. Conditions were ripe for a massive slave revolt.Indeed, slave rebellions were not uncommon. His forces struck blow after blow against Rome and wreaked havoc on the countryside for two years. Definition. In this lesson, learn what historians have uncovered about the real Spartacus. This rebellion became known as the First Servile War, which was eventually suppressed by Rome within two years. Rome dispatched Caius Claudius Glaber with a force of 3,000 men. Spartacus may have served in the Roman Army. According to some sources, Spartacus became a deserter. Spartacus was responsible for one of history's most daring rebellions, the Third Servile War. He was sent to a gladiator school where he constantly trained to fight. Opened on 12th January 1919, meetings were held at various locations in and around Paris until 20th January, 1920. Crassus's legions followed and upon arrival built fortifications across the isthmus at Rhegium,[citation needed] despite harassing raids from the rebels. Patricia has a Ph.D. in Progress, History and Culture as well as a master's degree in Holocaust and genocide studies. [47] Six thousand survivors of the revolt captured by the legions of Crassus were crucified, lining the Appian Way from Rome to Capua.[48]. [39] Spartacus's forces then retreated toward Rhegium. Teaching Financial Literacy & Personal Finance, Overview of Blood & the Cardiovascular System, Electrolyte, Water & pH Balance in the Body, Sexual Reproduction & the Reproductive System, How Teachers Can Improve a Student's Hybrid Learning Experience. [2] Although this interpretation is not specifically contradicted by classical historians, no historical account mentions that the goal was to end slavery in the Republic. This rebellion, interpreted by some as an example of oppressed people fighting for their freedom against a slave-owning oligarchy, has provided inspiration for many political thinkers, and has been featured in literature, television, and film. Rome was no stranger to slave revolts, but until Spartacus, none had been as large, organized, or successful. The final battle that saw the assumed defeat of Spartacus in 71 BC took place on the present territory of Senerchia on the right bank of the river Sele in the area that includes the border with Oliveto Citra up to those of Calabritto, near the village of Quaglietta, in the High Sele Valley, which at that time was part of Lucania. 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Spartacus was originally from Thrace (an area in modern-day Bulgaria). The Romans defeated 30,000 of Crixus's troops and killed Crixus but were ultimately beaten by Spartacus's men. For those unfamiliar with it, Spartacus was a Starz original TV series that ran from 2010-2013 and focused on the legend of the real-life person. How Long is the School Day in Homeschool Programs? Five out of twenty Kings of the Thracian Spartocid dynasty of the Cimmerian Bosporus[12] and Pontus[13] are known to have borne it, and a Thracian "Sparta" "Spardacus"[14] or "Sparadokos",[15] father of Seuthes I of the Odrysae, is also known. Spartacus, however, had ropes made from the vines indigenous to Vesuvius and climbed down with his men. The reason for this desertion is still unknown to modern historians. But one should always be careful of the ways in which TV portrays the past. Based on the events in late 73 BC and early 72 BC, which suggest independently operating groups of escaped slaves[51] and a statement by Plutarch, it appears that some of the escaped slaves preferred to plunder Italy, rather than escape over the Alps. Although Roman authors assumed that the escaped slaves were a homogeneous group with Spartacus as their leader, they may have projected their own hierarchical view of military leadership onto the spontaneous organization, reducing other slave leaders to subordinate positions in their accounts. He was a heavyweight gladiator called a murmillo. Typically, they wielded a shield (scutum) and a broad sword about a foot and a half long called a gladius. Spartacus didn't want to be a gladiator or a slave, so he planned and executed an escape. It is not known how Spartacus became a gladiator. Fortified with this lesson's facts about Spartacus, see how well you can carry out these actions: To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. Historically, surnames evolved as a way to sort people into groups - by occupation, place of origin, clan affiliation, patronage, parentage, adoption, and even physical characteristics (like red hair). Paperback. [29] The two legions were initially successful—defeating a group of 30,000 rebels commanded by Crixus near Mount Garganus[30]—but then were defeated by Spartacus. Sources are unclear as to the exact leadership dynamic that existed between these three men. Create your account, Already registered? Varinius followed Spartacus's army south and found himself engaged in another battle. We are now World History Encyclopedia to better reflect the breadth of our non-profit organization's mission. Unfortunately, the plot was betrayed, and it's estimated that only 74 men escaped successfully. Little is known about him beyond the events of the war, and surviving historical accounts are sometimes contradictory. They took the weapons from the school and the knives from the kitchen and went to Mt. In response to the defeat of Glaber, Rome sent Publius Varinius with two legions (6,000 men each). In this area, since 1899, there have been finds of armour and swords of the Roman era. Spartacus's name was chosen in numerous football sides in Slavic Europe. Spartacus led a rebellion that shook the powerful Roman Empire to its core. [35] When Spartacus and his followers, who for unclear reasons had retreated to the south of Italy, moved northward again in early 71 BC, Crassus deployed six of his legions on the borders of the region and detached his legate Mummius with two legions to maneuver behind Spartacus. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. What did the slave revolt led by Spartacus accomplish? By this time, Spartacus' forces had reached about 40,000. Although the reason for the escape is unclear, scholars agree that Spartacus and about 200 slaves fought their way out of their barracks using utensils stolen from the kitchen. Spartacus (approximately 100–71 BCE), was a gladiator from Thrace who led a major revolt against Rome. He was basically a slave who was forced to fight for the entertainment of the Romans. [24] At its height Spartacus led an army derived of many different people, Celts, Gauls, and more. Learn More. What happened when Spartacus lead a slave revolt? Spartacus, a Thracian man, wasn't born to wealth or power. Spartacus's name was also used in athletics in the Soviet Union and communist states of Central and Eastern Europe. | {{course.flashcardSetCount}} Little is known about this fighting enslaved man from Thrace beyond his role in the spectacular revolt that became known as the Third Servile War (73–71 BCE). Numbering about 60,000 by this point, the final defeat of the rebels may have spawned from a disagreement between Spartacus and Crixus. Ludus were known for extremely harsh treatment of the gladiators in training. In these altercations Spartacus proved to be an excellent tactician, suggesting that he may have had previous military experience. Impressively, his forces jumped from a mere 74 escapees to nearly 60,000 men (with some estimates as high as 125,000). They traveled to Mount Vesuvius immediately after their escape and made camp. He defeated Roman armies in southern Italy, but his forces were crushed at Lucania (71), where Spartacus was killed and many of his troops were crucified. Though the rebels lacked military training, they displayed a skilful use of available local materials and unusual tactics when facing the disciplined Roman armies. It became a major commercial center and naval power in the western Mediterranean until defeated by Rome in the third century B.C.E. Create an account to start this course today. [52][53], Adam Weishaupt, founder of the Bavarian Illuminati, often referred to himself as Spartacus within written correspondences.[54]. [50] Appian also states that he later abandoned that goal, which might have been no more than a reflection of Roman fears. Even after Spartacus was defeated, the trauma of Roman losses at the hands of a slave army was still felt. Crassus was put in charge of eight legions, approximately 40,000 trained Roman soldiers,[36][failed verification][37] which he treated with harsh, even brutal discipline, reviving the punishment "decimation" on units. She has taught heritage of the western world and U.S. history. Spartacus was a gladiator who was originally from Thrace. In all, 6,000 of Spartacus's followers were crucified along the Appian Way from Rome to Capua. King of Macedon who defeated a combined army of Thebes and Athens to become … Spartacus' rebellion soon turned into the Third Servile War and marked a period of society-wide terror serilis ('the fear of slaves'). Little is known about his life before he became one of the slave leaders in the Third Servile War, the slave uprising war against the Roman Republic. [23] With these successes, more and more slaves flocked to the Spartacan forces, as did "many of the herdsmen and shepherds of the region", swelling their ranks to some 70,000. Around 72 B.C., Romans under the command of Lucius Gellius crushed Crixus's forces at the Battle of Mount Garganus. Spartacus was a Thracian who had served in the Roman army but seems to have deserted. However, he was betrayed by the pirates, who took payment and then abandoned the rebels. Eine Gegengeschichte des Altertums nach den Legenden der Zigeuner". The escapees were hunted down by the Romans. Frequently, the people in areas conquered by Rome were compelled to serve in army units for the empire and this might have been the case with Spartacus. [17] In 73 BC, Spartacus was among a group of gladiators plotting an escape. [11] Plutarch also writes that Spartacus' wife, a prophetess of the Maedi tribe, was enslaved with him. In contrast, urban slaves were more suited for city life, being considered "privileged" and "lazy. The authors refer to the Thracian tribe of the … Vesuvius. However, Mummius disobeyed and was quickly defeated. Thracian born Roman gladiator, Spartacus is now considered the stuff of legend. Instead, he was considered part of the dregs of society. What gladiator lead a slave revolt called Third Serville? Thracian gladiator who led a slave revolt in Italy (73-71). Spartacus with the help of two Celts, Crixus and Oenomaos, led them, forging the motley group into a first-class fighting force. © copyright 2003-2021 Study.com. and lasted four years, led by Spartacus; marked a period of society-wide, an allied unit of the Roman army made up of soldiers from other countries, slave fighters for the arena like Spartacus, who was known as a, began with 200 slaves of the Batiatus ludus; 74 survived the escape attempt, in 71 B.C., Spartacus's army falls and 6,000 were crucified; Spartacus's body never found, Emphasize the importance of Spartacus to Roman and slave history, Describe the escape attempt of Spartacus and the other gladiators, Recall the growth of the slave army during the Third Servile War, Explain the rise of the rebel army and their many defeats of the Romans. [5] Appian says he was "a Thracian by birth, who had once served as a soldier with the Romans, but had since been a prisoner and sold for a gladiator".[6]. He was captured and subsequently sold as a slave. Sources agree, however, that Spartacus had once fought for Rome as a legionnaire and was enslaved and sold to become a … "[26] Of the people who fought in Spartacus' army, it shows that the revolt did not have the goal of freeing all slaves. According to the differing sources and their interpretation, Spartacus was a captive taken by the legions. Spartacus was responsible for one of history's most daring rebellions, the Third Servile War. Plutarch describes him as "a Thracian of Nomadic stock". Rome was no stranger to slave revolts, bu… Definition of spartacus in the Definitions.net dictionary. The series focused on Spartacus during three key moments in his life, from his time as a slave all the way to his death. Crassus continued to pursue Spartacus until he finally defeated the rebels at the Battle of Silarus in 71 B.C. Meanwhile, the legions of Pompey and Lucullus marched towards Spartacus. When the Roman Empire sent Varinius, the slave revolt was still not considered a noteworthy threat. In honor of Crixus, Spartacus had 300 Romans killed or forced to fight each other as had been done to the gladiators. He was the one who, along with Crixus, Gannicus, Castus, and Oenomaus, escaped the gladiator school and led one of the most famous uprisings in Roman history. At the same time, the Roman Senate, alarmed by the defeat of the praetorian forces, dispatched a pair of consular legions under the command of Lucius Gellius and Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus. Spartacus definition: died 71 bc , Thracian slave , who led an ultimately unsuccessful revolt of gladiators... | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples Classical historians were divided as to the motives of Spartacus. Florus described him as one "who, from a Thracian mercenary, had become a Roman soldier, that had deserted and became enslaved, and afterward, from consideration of his strength, a gladiator". Alarmed at the continued threat posed by the slaves, the Senate charged Marcus Licinius Crassus, the wealthiest man in Rome and the only volunteer for the position,[35] with ending the rebellion. Spartacus got the rest of the gladiators in the school to help him and to escape with him. Once free, the escaped gladiators chose Spartacus and two Gallic slaves—Crixus and Oenomaus—as their leaders. He has become a modern-day inspirational figure. Thracian gladiator who led a slave uprising, harvnb error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFStrauss2009 (. He then marched his rebels to Campania and defeated an army led by Gaius Thoranius. Spartacus definition: died 71 bc , Thracian slave , who led an ultimately unsuccessful revolt of gladiators... | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples Imprisoned for deserting the Roman Army , he and other slaves fought their way free and started a rebellion. Spartacus was born in Thrace, an area where the modern-day Balkans states, including Turkey, Bulgaria, and Greece, are located.Though little is known about Spartacus’ early life, historians believe he may once have served in the Roman army.. Spartacus was sold into slavery, perhaps due to rebellion against or desertion from the army. Nearly all of the rebels were killed with a few escaping into the hills. [45] Spartacus now turned his forces around and brought his entire strength to bear on the legions in a last stand, in which the rebels were routed completely, with the vast majority of them being killed on the battlefield.[46]. To this day, books, movies, and TV shows have been created to highlight the strength of this rebel slave and the power of a good, common cause. Sociology 110: Cultural Studies & Diversity in the U.S. Vesuvius (a volcano near Naples Italy) where they set up a camp. By this point, the slave rebellion seemed unstoppable. A murmillo fought without chest or foot protection. The ancient sources agree that Spartacus was a Thracian. This page was last edited on 22 February 2021, at 17:07.
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