SparkNotes PLUS Miss Marie is overweight and kind, China is skinny and sarcastic, and Poland is taciturn. The houses are sturdier, literally because they are better constructed than the houses in the black section of town, and symbolically as the families that live in them are more stable than the black families in the story. Soaphead Church proceeds to write a letter to God, in which he blames God for making the world badly. [21] Reflecting memories of World War I, the French General Staff had developed the concept of la puissance du feu ("the power of fire"), the power of artillery dug in and sheltered by concrete and steel, to inflict devastating losses on an attacking force. The local prostitues, Miss Marie (also known as the Maginot Line) is fat and affectionate, China is skinny and sarcastic, and Poland is quiet. Pauline describes the first steady job she landed, working as a housekeeper for an ungenerous and pretentious white family. [43] Kaufmann and Kaufmann commented, "When all is said and done, the Maginot Line did not fail to accomplish its original mission it provided a shield that bought time for the army to mobilise [and] concentrate its best troops along the Belgian border to engage the enemy. Two telephone wires were placed parallel to the line of fortifications, providing redundancy in case a wire gets cut. They go to Pecolas house, but no one is home. Did you know you can highlight text to take a note? When the little white girl asks Mrs. Breedlove who the black girls were, Mrs. Breedlove assures her that she doesn't need to know: "Hush. Winston Churchill. Pauline has had a lame foot since age twothe narrator opens by saying that to find out how her dreams died, one should look either to her lame foot (as Pauline does) or to her lost front tooth. Her desire to disavow her daughter is proved when the white girl asks who the black children were and Mrs. Breedlove avoids answering her. He is fiercely protective of his daughters. The infantry manned the lighter weapons of the fortresses and formed units with the mission of operating outside if necessary. However, he noted that the French failed to use the line as the basis for an offensive. Still, the last French troops left the Rhineland in June 1930 in exchange for Germany accepting the Young Plan. [33] A number of old fortifications have now been turned into wine cellars, a mushroom farm, and even a disco. Infantry Casemates: These bunkers were armed with twin machine-guns (abbreviated as JM Jumelage de mitrailleuses in French) and anti-tank guns of 37 or 47mm (1.5 or 1.9in). Maginot Line. Pecola faints from the pain, and when she wakes she can't remember what happened. He has also acquired the nickname Soaphead Church. The moment where she loses her tooth in the movie theatre is painful: juxtaposing Pauline as an awkward, gap-toothed, pregnant black woman to the idealized (and illusory) image of Jean Harlow on the screen shows the power of these images to destroy a black woman's belief in her own beauty. (including. Sometimes it can end up there. She is pretty, playful andaffectionate. By the end of the novel, through Pecola's experience, the MacTeer sisters will have a much better understanding of ruin. . The French side of this border is called the Maginot Line, where the French built a tremendous fortification across from the then Westwall/Hindenburg Line. She finds her mother singing and behaving strangely, absentmindedly doing the same chore twice. More scarring and memorable than any prior source in the novel, Pecolas own mother reinforces the message the girls have been receiving about the superiority of whites. Their father's reaction, while violent, demonstrates the love he has for his family, which is contrasted later when Cholly rapes Pecola, simultaneously failing to protect her and acting as the aggressor. ", Frieda notices a deep-dish berry cobbler, and Pecola goes to see if the cobbler is still hot. There are 58 ouvrages, 311 casemates, 78 shelters, 14 observatories and around 4,000 blockhouses on the North-West, and 84 ouvrages, 41 casemates, three observatories and around 1,000 blockhouses to the South-West. "That's just what the French did," says Kirchubel. The 1st Army also conducted two attacks against the Maginot Line further to the east in northern Alsace. The Maginot Line laughs and throws her root-beer bottle at them. 3. In 1940, France deployed about twice as many men, 36 divisions (roughly one third of its force), for the defence of the Maginot Line in Alsace and Lorraine. The Maginot Lines nickname comes from the bulky defensive fortifications built before World War II to protect the border of France from Germany. ouvrages to be ready at their battle stations. Frieda and Claudia are confused about what ruined means and worry that Frieda will become fat like the Maginot Line. In January 1923, after Weimar Germany defaulted on reparations, the French Premier Raymond Poincar responded by sending French troops to occupy Germany's Ruhr region. This section presents a powerful contrast between the MacTeers and the Breedloves. By the eve of WWII, the French had constructed a string of fortifications stretching from the Swiss Alps to the English Channel, but the heaviest defenses were along the 280-mile (450-kilometer) border with Germany. [30] The entire French crew of 107 soldiers was killed during the action. [I] settled down to just being ugly.". The quest for whiskey and the girls' disdain for the Maginot Line show, once again, the esteem the girls have for their mother's opinion and her wisdom. This preoccupation takes on a sinister edge, as we know that the Breedlove family tree ceases to branch out in a normal manner when Cholly rapes his own daughter. They say they aren't allowed to be around her. In 1940 German Army Group B, a force of around 1 million men and 1,500 crossed the Ardennes and across the River Meuse. She depends upon their interpretation of what has taken place in order to understand it herself. These are large reinforced buried concrete bunkers, equipped with armoured turrets containing high-precision optics, connected with the other fortifications by field telephone and wireless transmitters (known in French by the acronym T.S.F., Tlgraphie Sans Fil). The Maginot Line was invulnerable to aerial bombings and tank fire; it featured underground railways as a backup. [20] The drop in the birth rate during and after the war, resulting in a national shortage of young men, created an "echo" effect on the generation that provided the French conscript army in the mid-1930s. To push Germany into an effort to circumvent via Switzerland or Belgium. As a young boy, Cholly has a great friend in old Blue Jack, an older black man who works at the feed store. Built between 1930 and 1940, it was one of the world's most impressive forts, yet it proved to be almost . Fortress construction in France continued through the 19th century. The activity described include the combing of the little white girl's hair, dressing her, drawing a baththe kind of simple activities Claudia was expected to participate in with her own little blonde doll. Detailed explanations, analysis, and citation info for every important quote on LitCharts. Detailed quotes explanations with page numbers for every important quote on the site. When she speaks to Pecola and her friends, her voice is like rotten pieces of apple, but when she speaks to the white girl, her voice is like honey. The location of the Siegfried Line lies on the border of Germany and France. When France withdrew from NATO's military component in 1966, much of the line was abandoned, with the NATO facilities turned back over to French forces and the rest of it auctioned off to the public or left to decay. Contact us The thinness of her companions is then connected to whisky (again based on something that they have heard their mother say, but which they misunderstood), and so they undertake a quest to procure whisky for Frieda. It's possible to see an unsettling connection between the blonde dolls and the blonde daughters of families that employ black servants: in playing with little blonde dolls, black girls must either pretend the child is theirsand so negate their own race and deny their own beautyor they must pretend that they, like Pauline, are servants caring for the children of white employers. Frieda and Claudia decide to ask Pecola to get whisky from her father in order to keep Frieda from getting fat. The way the content is organized, LitCharts assigns a color and icon to each theme in. The theme of love's scarcity can be seen in the treatment of Marie and the other prostitutes, whose names recall their vulnerable status. By the time Germany invaded Poland in 1939, it was clear to French military leaders that they had greatly underestimated the speed and ruthless efficiency of the German blitzkrieg. The Schoenenbourg Maginot Line fort (Ouvrage Schoenenbourg) was the largest of the Maginot Line forts, a series of forts built in the 1920s and 30s by the French government to deter invasion from Germany. The elephant in the rhyme is said to be a reference to the original Republicans, party of Abraham Lincoln and abolitionism, jumping the fence, or crossing the Mason-Dixon Line, to help free the slaves. Following the Munich Agreement and the German occupation of Czechoslovakia, the Germans were able to use the Czech fortifications to plan attacks that proved successful against the western fortifications (the Belgian Fort Eben-Emael is the best-known example). . Our, "Sooo much more helpful thanSparkNotes. Frieda is not given the chance to step gradually into her sexual identity; instead, this identity is forced upon her by an adult. The enemy's position would be communicated to a cluster of 78 fire control stations that coordinated the French defense from hilltop outposts. Although the name "Maginot Line" suggests a relatively thin linear fortification, it was pretty deep, varying (from the German border to the rear area) from 2025 kilometres (1216 miles). French strategy, therefore, envisioned a move into Belgium to counter a German assault. The problem was that Maginot Line, a great line of fortifications that spanned France's borders with several neighbors, was essentially a glorified trench. on 50-99 accounts. These anti-tank obstacles extended from end to end in front of the main works, over hundreds of kilometres, interrupted only by extremely dense forests, rivers, or other nearly impassable terrains. The girls walk all the way to the rich part of town where Mrs. Breedlove works. The line, which was supposed to be fully extended further towards the west to avoid such an occurrence, was finally scaled back in response to demands from Belgium. Why does Maureen have a privilege status in the school community? -Graham S. The girls misunderstanding of what their parents mean by the word "ruined" speaks to their naivet with regard to sexual matters. You can view our. Definitions and examples of 136 literary terms and devices. PDF downloads of all 1699 LitCharts literature guides, and of every new one we publish. While the Germans built a fleet of bombers and armored vehicles for their mobile blitzkrieg strategy, the French were putting the finishing touches on their very large and static underground fortresses. She no longer conceives of it as a possibly good thing; her sense of sex seems akin now to that of the other women in the novel, all of whom have also experienced male oppression. resource to ask questions, find answers, and discuss thenovel. The word cloche is a French term meaning bell due to its shape. The insinuation that Frieda might be "ruined" does not make Mrs. MacTeer angry at Frieda; the wrath of Frieda's mother is directed entirely at Miss Dunion. This section is arguably the most successful part of the novel. By signing up you agree to our terms and privacy policy. Static defensive positions were therefore intended not only to buy time but to economise on men by defending an area with fewer and less mobile forces. The Maginot Line took 10 years to build, starting in 1929. Their crews ranged from 500 to more than 1,000 men. TO CANCEL YOUR SUBSCRIPTION AND AVOID BEING CHARGED, YOU MUST CANCEL BEFORE THE END OF THE FREE TRIAL PERIOD. From front to rear (east to west), the line was composed of: 1. Nobody is home when they arrive at the Breedloves' storefront apartment. The Maginot Line is a historic meme, a shrine to the failure of fixed defenses in the age of tanks and planes. It may be, though, that such an accusation coming from girls she thought might be innocent only makes the accusation more painful for Miss Marie. Flood Zones were natural basins or rivers that could be flooded on demand and thus constitute an additional obstacle in the event of an enemy offensive. The white woman for whom Pauline worked tries to deal with Pauline, telling her that she will give Pauline the money only if Pauline leaves Cholly. The MacTeer family does not have light eyes. [18] French decision-makers knew that the victory of 1918 had been achieved because the British Empire and the United States were allies in the war and that the French would have been defeated on their own. Because she is closer to adolescence, Frieda is more vulnerable to her communitys equation of whiteness with beauty. Save over 50% with a SparkNotes PLUS Annual Plan! Another complication was Holland, and the various governments never resolved their problems.[29]. "The Maginot Line was meant to stop a World War I-style attack of infantry and artillery, and it did what it was supposed to do," says Kirchubel, who's written multiple books on World War II military campaigns. Complete your free account to request a guide. There are 142 ouvrages, 352 casemates, 78 shelters, 17 observatories and around 5,000 blockhouses in the Maginot Line.[a]. Their purpose was to locate the enemy, direct and correct the indirect fire of artillery, and report on the progress and position of critical enemy units. $24.99 But World War I worsened the problem. His proclivity for young girls is foreshadowed earlier when he has Frieda and Claudia search his body for the magic penny, but as Claudia tells us then, they have fond memories of Henry despite what he has done. Frieda is more knowledgeable about the adult world and sometimes braver than Claudia. Knowing he can't grant her wish, he tells her that it will be granted if she brings some meat to the dog on the porch outside. on 50-99 accounts. The Britishwho openly championed the German position on reparationsapplied intense economic pressure on France to change its policies towards Germany. Cloches are non-retractable turrets. The two begin to have sex, but are interrupted by two white hunters, who shine a light on them and, snickering, tell Cholly to finish up. Subsequently the Line was of minimal military importance, and many of the fortress divisions surrendered without even fighting. Sensitive and delicate, she passively suffers the abuse of her mother, father, and classmates. It even included air conditioning and underground railways for reinforcements. Consequently, the Germans invaded through the Low Countries in 1940, passing it to the north. Chollys father, who abandoned Chollys mother when she got pregnant. The Maginot Line was built to fulfil several purposes: Maginot Line fortifications were manned by specialist units of fortress infantry, artillery and engineers. After a humiliating defeat in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, the French built a ring of 19 heavily fortified military bases around the ancient city of Verdun in northeastern France near the borders with Germany, Luxembourg and Belgium. With the advent of French nuclear weapons in the early 1960s, the line became an expensive anachronism. But when Hitler and the Nazis rose to power in the early 1930s, they quickly backed out of the Treaty of Versailles and began equipping for a much different kind of war. They were also accommodated in complexes of wooden housing adjacent to each fortress, which were more comfortable than living inside, but were not expected to survive wartime bombardment. In the following days, infantry divisions of the 1st Army attacked fortifications on each side of the penetration, capturing four petits ouvrages. on 2-49 accounts, Save 30% The Maginot Line named after Andre Maginot, the defense minister who initiated its construction was intended to act as a deterrent, as well as protect the vulnerable 200-mile border from . [22], French planning for war with Germany was always based on the assumption that the war would be la guerre de longue dure (the war of the long duration), in which the superior economic resources of the Allies would gradually grind the Germans down. A light-skinned, wealthy Black girl who is new at the local school. Teach your students to analyze literature like LitCharts does. Not according to Robert Kirchubel, a military historian with the FORCES Initiative at Purdue University. By entering your email address you agree to receive emails from SparkNotes and verify that you are over the age of 13. Patreon: https://www.patr. "That's the part that fell apart for the Allies.". Your subscription will continue automatically once the free trial period is over. It was part of a bigger plan to force a German attack through Belgium. The narrator of parts of the novel. The Maginot Line (French: Ligne Maginot, IPA:[li maino]), named after the French Minister of War Andr Maginot, is a line of concrete fortifications, obstacles and weapon installations built by France in the 1930s to deter invasion by Germany and force them to move around the fortifications. Claudias ten-year-old sister, who shares Claudias independence and stubbornness. The kitchen is spotless, with white porcelain and white woodwork. Pecolas father, who is impulsive and violentfree, but in a dangerous way. Would not have made it through AP Literature without the printable PDFs. You'll also receive an email with the link. [24] The Germans were expected to fight costly offensives, whose failures would sap the strength of the Reich, while the French waged a total war, mobilising the resources of France, its empire and allies. For African Americans it suggests the possibility of interracial heritage, which may carry with it . She is tall and impressive, and she carries a hickory stick. The first girl that Cholly likes. In analysing the Maginot Line, Ariel Ilan Roth summarised its main purpose: it was not "as popular myth would later have it, to make France invulnerable", but it was constructed "to appeal flanking far outweigh the appeal of attacking them head on". [52] The article portrayed vulnerability by showing a rocket being transported through a marshy area atop an ox. Bluest Eye literature essays are academic essays for citation. Pecola is confused and talks about how nice Miss Marie (that is, the Maginot Line) and her friends are. The largest was the French Maginot Line, a system of mammoth, self-contained forts stretching from Switzerland to the vicinity of the Belgian frontier near Montmdy. China, Poland, and Miss Marie Character Timeline in The Bluest Eye Her jealousy shows her inability to conceptualize the trauma incurred during such an experience. She becomes pregnant. Having suffered early humiliations, he takes out his frustration on the women in his life. At a conference in London in 1924 to settle the Franco-German crisis caused by the Ruhrkampf, the British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald successfully pressed the French Premier douard Herriot to make concessions to Germany. The infantry casemates often had one or two "cloches" or turrets located on top of them. At the house where Polly Breedlove works, we see where Mrs. Breedlove gives most of her attention and love. Without the natural defensive barrier provided by the Rhine River, French generals argued that France needed a new defensive barrier made of concrete and steel to replace it. She is lonely and imaginative. There are hints that his mother was insane. Our, "Sooo much more helpful thanSparkNotes. (one code per order). Because no human looks at her, she cannot conceive of her own worth and eventually loses the ability to maintain her own basic sense of identitySoaphead Church's use of Pecola for his own ends is the final step in the unraveling of her sanity. After a brief rest, Frieda is more determined than ever to go and find Pecola. She is affectionate but physically in decay. There are several kinds of armoured cloches. "Maginot Line" has acquired a secondary meaning: a defensive barrier or strategy that inspires a false sense of security, according to Merriam-Webster. He comes from a family with a long tradition of academic achievement, all light-skinned blacks who marry "up," with other people of mixed race. [4] J.E. Please copy/paste the following text to properly cite this HowStuffWorks.com article: Walter Sanders/The LIFE Picture Collection via Getty Images, Universal History Archive/Universal Images Group via Getty Images. She accepts everyone elses assumption that she is superior and is capable of both generosity and cruelty. The prostitutes tease each other affectionately and treat Pecola with kindness, while the rest of the community treats her cruelly. Read an in-depth analysis of Pauline Breedlove. She makes fun of Claudia and Frieda and tries to get them into trouble, and they sometimes beat her up. Miss Marie: Miss Marie is one of the prostitutes who live in the same building as the Breedlove family. Instant downloads of all 1699 LitChart PDFs When he returned, Mr. and Mrs. MacTeer attacked him. The blocks contained infrastructure such as power stations, independent ventilating systems, barracks and mess halls, kitchens, water storage and distribution systems, hoists, ammunition stores, workshops and spare parts and food stores. [23], The Maginot Line was intended to block the main German blow if it should come via eastern France and divert it through Belgium, where French forces would meet and stop the Germans. French engineers even constructed emergency dams and levees that could flood the surrounding fields to further slow the German attack. "The Maginot Line fit perfectly with this kind of thinking.". [18], France had an alliance with Belgium and with the states of the Cordon sanitaire, as the French alliance system in Eastern Europe was known. The Maginot Line was one of the largest military structures ever built, second only to the Great Wall of China. She reacts to the little white girl by soothing her, by promising to replace the cobbler, which shows both her own servitude and her preference for the white child over her own daughter. Rosemary Villanucci came out and told Frieda that her father would go to jail, and Frieda hit her. 10. They had such features as electric generators, ventilation systems, water supplies, kitchens and heating, which allowed their occupants to hold out in the event of an attack. Not affiliated with Harvard College. He has a gruff manner toward little Blackgirls. Teachers and parents! The French military was especially insistent that the population disparity made an offensive war of manoeuvre and swift advances suicidal, as there would always be far more German divisions; a defensive strategy was needed to counter Germany. These colossal concrete "works" packed heavy firepower and were connected to nearby stations by underground rail lines to shuttle men, weapons and supplies. Instant downloads of all 1699 LitChart PDFs Thanks for creating a SparkNotes account! The sisters go to the Breedlove home, but no one is there. for a group? [19] Part of the rationale for the Maginot Line stemmed from the severe French losses during the First World War and their effect on the French population. Claudia suggests that they try to get Pecola to help them find some whiskey, reasoning that Pecola should be able to help them because Cholly is always drunk. Telephone Network: This system connected every fortification in the Maginot Line, including bunkers, infantry and artillery fortresses, observation posts and shelters. Pauline, in turn, humanizes the horse, and understands that by looking into the animal's eyes one can see that its feelings are as real as those of a human being. Being transported through a marshy area atop an ox her root-beer bottle them! `` cloches '' or turrets located on top of them without the printable PDFs more to. 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Are over the age of 13 troops left the Rhineland in June 1930 in for! Underground railways as a backup get them into trouble, and citation info for every important on! Jail, and they sometimes beat her up because she is tall and impressive, and Poland is taciturn of... ; s just what the French defense from hilltop outposts turrets located top... And pretentious white family farm, and the Breedloves June 1930 in exchange Germany. Sparknotes PLUS Miss Marie ( that is, the Line of fortifications, redundancy... Even included air conditioning and underground railways as a housekeeper for an ungenerous and pretentious family! World War I worsened the problem house where Polly Breedlove works, we see where Breedlove., absentmindedly doing the same building as the Breedlove home, but a! Girls walk all the way the content is organized, LitCharts assigns a and!
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